Temporal variability of sewage sludge heavy metal content from Greek wastewater treatment plants

• Autorzy: Spanos T. , Ene A. , Patronidou C. S. , Xatzixristou C.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.1515/eces-2016-0019

Warianty tytułu

PL

Czasowe zmiany zawartości metali ciężkich w ściekach z greckiej oczyszczalni

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal variations of selected heavy metals level in anaerobic fermented and dewatered sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were collected in different seasons and years from three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Northern Greece, in Kavala (Kavala and Palio localities) and Drama (Drama locality) Prefectures. An investigation of the potential of sludge utilization in agriculture was performed, based on the comparison of average total heavy metal concentrations and of chromium species (hexavalent, trivalent) concentrations with the allowed values according to the Council Directive 86/278/EEC and Greek national legislation (Joint Cabinet Decision 80568/4225/91) guidelines. In this regard, all the investigated heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg) and chromium species Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have average concentrations (dry matter weight) well below the legislated thresholds for soil application, as following: 2.12 mg kg−1 Cd; 103.7 mg kg−1 Cr; 136.4 mg kg−1 Cu; < 0.2 mg kg−1 Hg; 29.1 mg kg−1 Ni; 62.0 mg kg−1 Pb; 1253.2 mg kg−1 Zn; 1.56 mg kg−1 Cr(VI) and 115.7 mg kg−1 Cr(III). Values of relative standard deviation (RSD) indicate a low or moderate temporal variability for domestic-related metals Zn (10.3-14.7%), Pb (27.9-44.5%) and Cu (33.5-34.2%), and high variability for the metals of mixed origin or predominantly resulted from commercial activities, such as Ni (42.4-50.7%), Cd (44.3-85.5%) and Cr (58.2-102.0%). For some elements the seasonal occurrence pattern is the same for Kavala and Palio sludge, as following: a) Cd and Cr: spring>summer>winter; b) Cu, Ni and Pb: winter>spring>summer. On average, in summer months (dry season) metal concentrations are lower than in spring and winter (wet seasons), with the exception of Zn. For Kavala and Palio the results demonstrate that the increased number of inhabitants (almost doubled) in summer time due to tourism does not influence the metal levels in sludge. Comparing the results obtained for similar spring-summer-winter sequences in 2007 and 2010/11 and for the spring season in 2007, 2008 and 2010, it can be noticed that, in general, the average heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency towards the last year. In all the measurement periods, the Palio sludge had the highest metal contents and Kavala sludge the lowest, leading to the conclusion that the WWTP operating process rather than population has a significant effect upon the heavy metal content of sludge. Cr(VI)/Cr(total) concentration ratios are higher for Kavala sludge in the majority of sampling campaigns, followed by Drama and Palio sludge. The metals which present moderate to strong positive correlation have common origin, which could be a domestic-commercial mixed source.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

sewage sludge; WWTP; heavy metals; hexavalent chromium; Kavala and Drama Prefectures; Northern Greece

PL

osady ściekowe; WWTP; oczyszczalnia ścieków; metale ciężkie; sześciowartościowy chrom; prefektura Kavala i Drama; północna Grecja

• Wydawca: Towarzystwo Chemii i Inżynierii Ekologicznej
• Czasopismo: Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: Vol. 23, nr 2
• Strony: 271--283
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 41 poz., map., wykr., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Spanos T.

• Department of Petroleum and Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology, St. Lucas Street, GR 65404, Kavala, Greece, phone/fax [phone]

autor

Ene A.

• Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca St., 800008 Galati, Romania, phone [phone], fax [phone]

autor

Patronidou C. S.

• DEYA Dramas Municipal Water and Sewage Company, Department of Quality Control, WWTP, 2 19th May St., GR 66133, Drama, Greece, phone [phone], fax [phone]

autor

Xatzixristou C.

• Department of Petroleum and Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology, St. Lucas Street, GR 65404, Kavala, Greece, phone/fax [phone]

Bibliografia

• [1] European Communities. Pollutants in urban waste water and sewage sludge. Final Report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2001. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/sludge/pdf/sludge_pollutants_xsum.pdf.
• [2] Eriksson E, Christensen N, Schmidt JE, Ledin A. Potential priority pollutants in sewage sludge. Desalination. 2008;226:371-388. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.019.
• [3] Samolada MC, Zabaniotou AA. Comparative assessment of municipal sewage sludge incineration, gasification and pyrolysis for a sustainable sludge-to-energy management in Greece. Waste Manage. 2014;34(2):411-420. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.11.003.
• [4] Karvelas M, Katsoyiannis A, Samara C. Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process. Chemosphere. 2003;53(10):1201-1210. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.230.
• [5] Ustün GE. Occurrence and removal of metals in urban wastewater treatment plants. J Hazard Mater. 2009;172(2-3):833-838. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.073.
• [6] Houhou J, Lartiges BS, Montarges-Pelletier E, Sieliechi J, Ghanbaja J, Kohler A. Sources, nature, and fate of heavy metal-bearing particles in the sewer system. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407(23):6052-6062. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.019.
• [7] Chanpiwat P, Sthiannopkao S, Kim KW. Metal content variation in wastewater and biosludge from Bangkok's central wastewater treatment plants. Microchem J. 2010;95:326-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.01.013.
• [8] Grűbel K, Machnicka A, Nowicka E, Wacławek S. Mesophilic-thermophilic fermentation process of waste activated sludge after hybrid disintegration. Ecol Chem Eng S. 2014;21(1):125-136. DOI: 10.2478/eces-2014-0011.
• [9] Spanos T, Ene A, Karadjova IB. Assessment of toxic elements Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, As and hexavalent chromium in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants by combined spectroscopic techniques. Romanian J Phys. 2015;60(1-2):237-245. http://www.nipne.ro/rjp/2015_60_1-2/0237_0245.pdf.
• [10] Van de Velden M, Dewil R, Baeyens J, Josson L, Lanssens P. The distribution of heavy metals during fluidized bed combustion of sludge (FBSC). J Hazard Mater. 2008;151(1):96-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.056.
• [11] Fytili D, Zabaniotou A. Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods - A review. Renew Sustain Energ Rev. 2008;12:116-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.014..
• [12] Barrera-Diaz C, Martínez-Barrera G, Gencel O, Bernal-Martínez LA, Brostow W. Processed wastewater sludge for improvement of mechanical properties of concretes. J Hazard Mater. 2011;192(1):108-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.103.
• [13] Werle S, Dudziak M. Influence of wastewater treatment and the method of sludge disposal on the gasification process. Ecol Chem Eng S. 2014;21(2):255-268. DOI: 10.2478/eces-2014-0020.
• [14] Singh RP, Agrawal M. Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Manage. 2008;28(2):347-358. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.010.
• [15] Karagiannidis A, Samaras P, Kasampalis T, Perkoulidis, G, Ziogas P, Zorpas A. Evaluation of sewage sludge production and utilization in Greece in the frame of integrated energy recovery. Desalin Water Treat. 2011;33(1-3):185-193. DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2011.2613.
• [16] Chen H, Yan SH, Ye ZL, Meng HJ, Zhu YG. Utilization of urban sewage sludge: Chinese perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2012;19(5):1454-1463. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0760-0.
• [17] Goi D, Tubaro F, Dolcetti G. Analysis of metals and EOX in sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants: A case study. Waste Manage. 2006;26(2):167-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.03.006.
• [18] García-Delgado M, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Lorenzo LF, Arienzo M, Sánchez-Martín MJ. Seasonal and time variability of heavy metal content and of its chemical forms in sewage sludges from different wastewater treatment plants. Sci Total Environ. 2007;382(1):82-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.009
• [19] Kelessidis A, Stasinakis AS. Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries. Waste Manage. 2012;32(6):1186-1195. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.012.
• [20] Latosinka J, Gawdzik J. The impact of combustion technology of sewage sludge on mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge ash. Ecol Chem Eng S. 2014;21(3):465-475. DOI: 10.2478/eces-2014-0034.
• [21] Kalderis D, Aivalioti M, Gidarakos E. Options for sustainable sewage sludge management in small wastewater treatment plants on islands: The case of Crete. Desalination. 2010;260(1-3):211-217. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.030.
• [22] Lyberatos G, Klimantos P, Vassilakis I, Kornaros M. On the impact of land application of secondary sludge. Water Air Soil Poll Focus. 2004;4(4-5):349-357. DOI: 10.1023/B:WAFO.0000044810.38944.ff.
• [23] Stefanakis AI, Tsihrintzis VA. Heavy metal fate in pilot-scale sludge drying reed beds under various design and operation conditions. J Hazard Mater. 2012;213-214:393-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.016.
• [24] Cai QY, Mo CH, Wu QT, Zeng QY, Katsoyiannis A. Concentration and speciation of heavy metals in six different sewage sludge-composts. J Hazard Mater. 2007;147(3):1063-1072. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.142.
• [25] Angelidis MO, Aloupi M. Assessment of sewage sludge quality in Greece. Toxicol Environ Chem. 1999;68(1-2):133-139. DOI: 10.1080/02772249909358651.
• [26] Gondek K. Quantity and quality of organic matter in soil after application of various organic materials. Ecol Chem Eng S. 2014;21(3):477-485. DOI: 10.2478/eces-2014-0035.
• [27] Gawdzik A, Gawdzik B, Gawdzik A, Gawdzik A. New indices determining heavy metals migration in a sewage sludge. Ecol Chem Eng S. 2015;22(4):637-644. DOI: 10.1515/eces-2015-0038.
• [28] Roig N, Sierra J, Nadal M, Marti E, Navalon Madrigal P, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Relationship between pollutant content and ecotoxicity of sewage sludges from Spanish wastewater treatment plants. Sci Total Environ. 2012;425:99-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.018.
• [29] European Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 (The Sewage Sludge Directive) on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture. Off J Eur Communities L181, 4 July 1986,6-12. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=URISERV:l28088&from=EN.
• [30] European Commission. Working document on sludge, 3rd Draft. Brussels, 27 April 2000.
• [31] Ministerial Decision, Greek legislation 80568/4225/91 of 22 March 1991 on methods, specifications and requirements for the use in agriculture of the sludge originating from household and urban waste treatment, harmonized from European Council Directive 86/278/EEC, 1991.
• [32] Contin M, Goi D, De Nobili M. Land application of aerobic sewage sludge does not impair methane oxidation rates of soils. Sci Total Environ. 2012;441:10-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.052.
• [33] Andreadakis AD, Mamais D, Gavalaki E, Kampylafka S. Sludge utilisation in agriculture: possibilities and prospects in Greece. Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(10):231-238. http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/46/10/231.
• [34] da Silva Oliveira A, Bocio A, Trevilato TMB, Takayanagui AMM, Domingo JL, Segura-Muñoz SI. Heavy metals in untreated/treated urban effluent and sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2007;14(7):483-489. DOI: 10.1065/espr2006.10.355.
• [35] Wang C, Hu X, Chen ML, Wu YH. Total concentrations and fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. J Hazard Mater. 2005;119(1-3):245-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.023.
• [36] Dai J, Xu M, Chen J, Yang X, Ke Z. PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. Chemosphere. 2007;66(2):353-361. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.072.
• [37] de Souza Pereira M, Kuch B. Heavy metals, PCDD/F and PCB in sewage sludge samples from two wastewater treatment facilities in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Chemosphere. 2005;60(7):844-853. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.079.
• [38] Walter I, Martínez F, Cala V. Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses. Environ Pollut. 2006;139(3):507-514. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.020.
• [39] Rule KL, Comber SD, Ross D, Thornton A, Makropoulos CK, Rautiu R. Diffuse sources of heavy metals entering an urban wastewater catchment. Chemosphere. 2006;63(1):64-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.052.
• [40] Vaiopoulou E, Gikas P. Effects of chromium on activated sludge and on the performance of wastewater treatment plants: A review. Water Res. 2012;46(3):549-570. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.024.
• [41] Economou-Eliopoulos M, Antivachi D, Vasilatos C, Megremi I. Evaluation of the Cr(VI) and other toxic element contamination and their potential sources: The case of the Thiva basin (Greece). Geosci Frontiers. 2012;3(4):523-539. DOI: 10.1016/j.gsf.2011.11.010.

Uwagi

PL

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.