Exploring freshwater fish biodiversity using eDNA metabarcoding and traditional sampling to assess floodplain waters

• Autorzy: Helmizuryani Helmizuryani , Muslimin Boby , Nizar Muhammad , Hidayat Saleh , Prasetyo Andhika Prima , Dwirastina Mirna , Robin Robin , Khotimah Khusnul , Swarlanda Swarlanda , Apriyanti Dewi , Heriyati Eny , Fahmi Innike Abdillah

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/jwld.2025.154254

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The floodplains of Bangka Island, which are inhabited by endemic and native fish species, are increasingly threatened by several landscape change and waste pollution. Therefore, the investigation into fish diversity using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and traditional sampling is required. eDNA samples were obtained from surface waters of Kurau and Bikang Rivers in Bangka Regency using a metaprobe with sterile gauze (10×10 cm). The extracted DNA products were amplified using Tele02 forward and reverse primers at annealing temperature of 54°C. The resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were cleaned, attached to adapters, and sequenced with the Next Generation Sequencing Illumina MiSeq platform. The total of 385,661 reads were initially generated using the Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm 2 (DADA2). After the quality control (QC) process, 25.5% of the read (73,301) were retained for analysis. Results of the eDNA metabarcoding showed that species abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were higher in the experiment fishing group (6 and 0.93) compared to those obtained from eDNA data (3 and 0.42). Additionally, both indices were higher in the Kurau River (4 and 0.82) than in the Bikang River (3 and 0.48). Species richness was significantly different between the two sampling methods (p < 0.001). Eighteen fish species were identified through experimental fishing, three using eDNA metabarcoding, and one species was common to both methods. PCA results revealed that the richness of species and effectiveness of sampling technique were significantly affected by water quality. The result of eDNA detection in this research was not better than experimental fishing. Hence, the development of reference for genetic database and optimisation of eDNA technique are required.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Bangka Island; eDNA metabarcoding; experimental fishing; freshwater fish; metaprobe; water quality

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo ITP
• Czasopismo: Journal of Water and Land Development
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: no. 65
• Strony: 100--112
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 86 poz., fot., mapa, rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Helmizuryani Helmizuryani

• Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Faculty of Agriculture, Study Program of Aquaculture, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Kec. Seberang Ulu II, Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30263, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-4698

autor

Muslimin Boby

• National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Jawa Barat 16911, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-9972

autor

Nizar Muhammad

• Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Faculty of Agriculture, Study Program of Aquaculture, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Kec. Seberang Ulu II, Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30263, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9045-6444

autor

Hidayat Saleh

• Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Biology Education Study Program, Dua, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Kec. Seberang Ulu II, Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30263, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6020-8642

autor

Prasetyo Andhika Prima

• National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Jawa Barat 16911, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7412-8432

autor

Dwirastina Mirna

• National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Jawa Barat 16911, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-2544

autor

Robin Robin

• Bangka Belitung University, Agriculture, Fisheries and Biology Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Jl. Kampus Terpadu UBB, Balunijuk 33127, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-3672

autor

Khotimah Khusnul

• Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Faculty of Agriculture, Study Program of Aquaculture, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Kec. Seberang Ulu II, Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30263, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3962-5756

autor

Swarlanda Swarlanda

• Yayasan Ikan Endemik Bangka Belitung, Pangkal Pinang, Bangka Belitung Island 33123, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3897-6389

autor

Apriyanti Dewi

• National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Jawa Barat 16911, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-9507

autor

Heriyati Eny

• Kutai Timur Agricultural College, Marine Science Study Program, Jl. Soekarno Hatta No 02, East Kalimantan, 75387, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-3193

autor

Fahmi Innike Abdillah

• Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Faculty of Agriculture, Study Program of Agribusiness, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Kec. Seberang Ulu II, Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30263, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4560-2728

Bibliografia

• Ahmed, S.F. et al. (2022) “Threats, challenges and sustainable conservation strategies for freshwater biodiversity,” Environmental Research, 214, 113808, pp. 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113808.
• Akhrianti, I. and Gustomi, A. (2018) “Identifikasi keanekaragaman dan potensi jenis-jenis ikan air tawar Pulau Bangka [Identification of biodiversity and potential freshwater fishes in Bangka Island],” Akuatik: Jurnal Sumberdaya Perairan, 12, pp. 74–80. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33019/akuatik.v12i1.694.
• Aliu, S.H. (2016) Anthropogenic activities impact on water quality, fish community and bacteria presence in disturbed and undisturbed North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, Malaysia. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia. Available at: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66963/1/FS%202016%2078%20IR%20UPM%20IR.pdf (Accessed: September 11, 2024).
• Barnes, M.A. et al. (2014) “Environmental conditions influence eDNA persistence in aquatic systems,” Environmental Science and Technology, 48(3), pp. 1819–1827. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/es404734p.
• Beamish, F.W.H., Beamish, R.B. and Lim, S.LH. (2003) “Fish assemblages and habitat in a Malaysian Blackwater Peat Swamp,” Environmental Biology of Fishes, 68, pp. 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026004315978.
• Berthet, A., Vincent, A. and Fleury, P. (2021) “Water quality issues and agriculture: An international review of innovative policy schemes,” Land Use Policy, 109, 105654, pp. 1–14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105654.
• Borisova, N.V. et al. (2023) “Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of composition of trichopterofauna from two protected areas (Republic of Mordovia, Russia),” Biologiya vnutrennikh vod, 1, pp. 5–6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0320965223010023.
• Cahyono, R.N., Budiharjo, A. and Sugiyarto, S (2018) “Keragaman dan pengelompokan ikan berdasarkan karakter morfologi di ekosistem Bendungan Colo Sukoharjo Jawa Tengah [Fish diversity and grouping based on morphological character on Colo Sukoharjo irrigation, Central Java],” Depik, 7, pp. 9–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.7.1.9886.
• Callahan, B.J. et al. (2016) “DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data,” Nature Methods, 13(7), pp. 581–583. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869.
• Camargo, A. (2022) “PCAtest: testing the statistical significance of principal component analysis in R,” PeerJ, 10, e12967. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12967.
• Cananzi, G. et al. (2022) “Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals spatial and seasonal patterns in the fish community in the Venice Lagoon,” Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1009490. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1009490.
• Dexter, E., Rollwagen-Bollens, G. and Bollens, S.M. (2018) “The trouble with stress: A flexible method for the evaluation of nonmetric multidimensional scaling,” Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 16(7), pp. 434–443. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10257.
• Eichmiller, J.J., Best, S.E. and Sorensen, P.W. (2016) “Effects of temperature and trophic state on degradation of environmental DNA in lake water,” Environmental Science & Technology, 50(4), pp. 1859–1867. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05672.
• Elsaied, H. et al. (2021) “Applications and challenges of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding in African fisheries,” Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 47(1), pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2021.02.003.
• Engel, M.A. (2003) Physicochemical effects on the abundance and distribution of larval fishes in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_theses.4221.
• Erniaty, E. et al. (2023) “Analysis of water physical, chemical and biological properties in different peat swamp forests converted to rice fields,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1153(1), 012026. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1153/1/012026.
• Fahmi, M.R. et al. (2020) “DNA barcoding using COI gene sequences of wild betta fighting fish from Indonesia: Phylogeny, status and diversity,” Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal, 26(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.26.2.2020.97-105.
• Fernandes, R. et al. (2009) “Temporal organization of fish assemblages in floodplain lagoons: The role of hydrological connectivity,” Environmental Biology of Fishes, 85(2), pp. 99–108. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9466-7.
• Fremier, A.K. et al. (2019) “Stream transport and retention of environmental DNA pulse releases in relation to hydrogeomorphic scaling factors,” Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), pp. 6640–6649. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06829.
• Gonzalez Colmenares, G.M. et al. (2023) “Using eDNA sampling for species-specific fish detection in tropical oceanic samples: Limitations and recommendations for future use,” PeerJ, 11, 14810. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14810.
• Hahshmi, A.M. et al. (2024) “The impact of anthropogenic activities and water pollution on the fish diversity and ecosystem health of the Chenab River in the Punjab Region of Pakistan,” Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research, 4(1), pp. 554–560. Available at: https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.437.
• Haryono, H. and Tjakrawidjaja (2000) “Dampak penambangan gambut terhadap biodiversitas ikan di kabupaten Bengkalis, Riau [Study on the peat mining impact on fish diversity in Bengkalis, Riau],” Berita Biologi: Jurnal IlmuiImu Hayati, 5(3), pp. 323–330. Available at: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/68811-ID-none.pdf (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Hasseb, A. et al. (2016) “Diversity of Tanda Dam fishes with new records from district Kohat, KPK, Pakistan,” Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(2), pp. 332–334. Available at: https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue2/PartE/4-3-33.pdf (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Hatzenbuhler, C. et al. (2017) “Sensitivity and accuracy of high-throughput metabarcoding methods for early detection of invasive fish species,” Scientific Report, 7, 46393. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46393.
• He, Y. et al. (2024) “Fish community monitoring in floodplain lakes: eDNA metabarcoding and traditional sampling revealed inconsistent fish community composition,” Ecological Indicators, 166, 112467. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112467.
• Helmizuryani et al. (2024) Jenis ikan endemik di Bangka Tengah dan Selatan [Endemic fish species in Central and South Bangka]. Lombok: Seval Literindo Kreasi.
• Hering, D. et al. (2018) “Implementation options for DNA-based identification into ecological status assessment under the European Water Framework Directive,” Water Research, 138, pp. 192–205. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.003.
• Holmes, A.E. et al. (2024) “Evaluating environmental DNA detection of a rare fish in turbid water using field and experimental approaches,” PeerJ, 11, 16453. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16453.
• Hui, T.H. and Ng, P.K.L. (2005a) “The fighting fishes (Teleostei: Osphronemidae: genus Betta) of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei,” The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 13, pp. 43–99.
• Hui, T.H. and Ng, P.K.L. (2005b) “The labyrinth fishes (Teleostei: Anabantoidei, Channoidei) of Sumatra, Indonesia,” The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 13, pp. 115–138. Available at: https://www.science.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2024/05/S13_115-138.pdf (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Ibrahim, I., Zukhri, N. and Rendy, R. (2019) “Ecotourism among dilemma voluntarism and ecological commitment (A review of the challenges of community-based environmental tourism development in Bangka Island),” in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Indonesian Politics, SIP 2019, 26–27 June 2019, Central Java, Indonesia. Gent: EAI. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.25-6-2019.2287985.
• Icas, U.D. et al. (2019) “Stomach content identification of kepaet fish Osteochilus sp. from Bangka Island for principle of domestication development,” Journal of Aquatropica Asia, 4(1), pp. 16–19. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33019/aquatropica.v4i1.1680.
• IUCN (2024) IUCN Red List of threatened species. Cambridge: The International Union for Conservation of Nature. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Accessed: September 1, 2024).
• Jayanto, B.B. et al. (2018) “Pengaruh penambahan funel pada alat tangkap bubu terhadap hasil tangkapan rajungan (Portugus pelagicus) di perairan Rembang, Jawa Tengah [The effect of funnel addition on trap toward catch of blue swimming crab in Rembang Sea waters]”, Saintek Perikanan: Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 13(2), pp. 100–104. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.13.2.100-104.
• Kirtane, A.A., Wilder, M.L. and Green, H.C. (2019) “Development and validation of rapid environmental DNA (eDNA) detection methods for bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii),” PLOS ONE, 14(11), 0222883. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222883.
• Kottelat, M. and Whitten, A.J. (1996) Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi: Additions and corrections. Hong Kong: Periplus, pp. 1–8. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270508914_Freshwater_fishes_of_western_Indonesia_and_Sulawesi_additions_and_corrections (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Larungkondo, J. et al. (2022) “Study of the use of seagrass bait on bebihe catches in the waters of the Sea Beg, South Central Tabukan District, Sangihe Islands Regency,” Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, pp. 441–447. Available at: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/platax/article/view/43309 (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Leblanc, J.P. and Farrell, J.M. (2023) “Influence of water-level variability on fish assemblage and natural reproduction following connectivity enhancement in a Typha-dominated coastal wetland, USA,” Journal of Fish Biology, 103(3), pp. 574–592. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15468.
• Mace, G.M. et al. (2018) “Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss,” Nature Sustainability, 1(9), pp. 448–451. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0130-0.
• Maiello, G. et al. (2022) “Little samplers, big fleet: eDNA metabarcoding from commercial trawlers enhances ocean monitoring,” Fisheries Research, 249. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2022.106259.
• Martin, M. (2011) “Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads,” EMBnet.journal, 17(1), pp. 10–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14806/ej.17.1.200.
• Mathon, L. et al. (2022) “Cross-ocean patterns and processes in fish biodiversity on coral reefs through the lens of eDNA metabarcoding,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1973), 20220162. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0162.
• McCartin, L.J. et al. (2022) “Temperature controls eDNA persistence across physicochemical conditions in seawater,” Environmental Science & Technology, 56(12), pp. 8629–8639. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01672.
• McMurdie, P.J. and Holmes, S. (2013) “Phyloseq: An R Package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data,” PLOS ONE, 8(4), e61217. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061217.
• Mitra, A. and Zaman, S. (2021) “Impact of acidification on fishes,” in Estuarine acidification. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 81–135. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84792-0_3.
• Mohamed, A.-R.M. et al. (2008) “Fish assemblage of restored Al-Hawizeh marsh, Southern Iraq,” Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 8(2–4), pp. 375–384. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10104-009-0029-5.
• Moses, B.S. (1987) “The influence of flood regime on fish catch and fish communities of the Cross River floodplain ecosystem, Nigeria,” Environmental Biology of Fishes, 18(1), pp. 51–65. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002327.
• Ng, P.K.L. and Kottelat, M. (1998) “Osphronemus deissneri Bleeker, 1859 (currently Parosphromenus deissneri; Osteichthyes, Perciformes): Proposed replacement of holotype by a neotype,” The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 55, pp. 155–158. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.174.
• Peraturan (2018) Peraturan Gubernur Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Nomor 1 tahun 2018 tentang rencana pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung [Regulation of Bangka Belitung Island Provincial Governor No. 1 of 2018 about watershed action plan, on Bangka Belitung Island Province]. Pangkal Pinang City, Indonesia: Pemerintah Kepualuan Bangka Belitung. Available at: https://jdih.babelprov.go.id/sites/default/files/produk-hukum/PERGUB%20NO.%201%20TAHUN%202018_0.pdf (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Pimm, S.L. et al. (2014) “The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection,” Science, 344(6187). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752.
• Posa, M.R.C., Wijedasa, L.S. and Corlett, R.T. (2011) “Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests,” BioScience, 61(1), pp. 49–57. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.1.10.
• Poyntz-Wright, I.P. et al. (2024) “Effectiveness of eDNA for monitoring riverine macroinvertebrates,” Science of The Total Environment, 941. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scito-tenv.2024.173621.
• Prasetyo, A.P. et al. (2023) “Shark-dust: Application of high-throughput DNA sequencing of processing residues for trade monitoring of threatened sharks and rays,” Conservation Letters, 16(5). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12971.
• Prianto, E. et al. (2017) “Utilization status and endemic fish sustainability on Sumatra,” Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia, 8(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.8.2.2016.101-110.
• Quiroga, M.V. et al. (2022) “Diversity patterns across aquatic communities from peat bogs in changing environmental scenarios,” in Freshwaters and wetlands of Patagonia. Ecosystems and socioecological aspects, pp. 117–135. Cham: Springer. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10027-7_6.
• Rainboth, W.J. (1996) Fishes of The Cambodian Mekong. Rome: FAO.
• Ramadhanu, D. et al. (2023) “Comparation of morphometric ratio pattern and habitat characteristic of Betta spp. from Bangka Island,” Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 11(2), pp. 1501–1508. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v11i2.9598.
• Ramadhanu, D. et al. (2024) “Perbandingan pola rasio morfometrik ikan Betta chloropharynx sebagai ikan endemik Pulau Bangka [Comparation of morphometric ratio pattern of Betta chloropharynx as endemic species on Bangka Island],” in Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pertanian Pesisir. Bengkulu: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, pp. 482–489. Available at: https://semnas.bpfp-unib.com/index.php/SENATASI/article/view/218 (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Reid, M.A., Delong, M.D. and Thoms, M.C. (2012) “The influence of hydrological connectivity on food web structure in floodplain lakes,” River Research and Applications, 28(7), pp. 827–844. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1491.
• Risjani, Y. et al. (2020) “Impact of anthropogenic activity and lusi-mud volcano on fish biodiversity at the Brantas Delta, Indonesia,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 493, 012007. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/493/1/012007.
• Saanin, H. (1984) Taksonomi dan kunci identifikasi ikan [Taxonomi and key identification of fishes]. 2nd edn. Bandung: Bina Cipta.
• Sales, N.G. et al. (2020) “Fishing for mammals: Landscape-level monitoring of terrestrial and semi-aquatic communities using eDNA from riverine systems,” Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(4), pp. 707–716. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13592.
• Salter, I. (2018) “Seasonal variability in the persistence of dissolved environmental DNA (eDNA) in a marine system: The role of microbial nutrient limitation,” PLOS ONE, 13(2), e0192409. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192409.
• Sari, I.P., Utami, E. and Umroh, U. (2018) “Analisis tingkat pencemaran muara sungai Kurau kabupaten Bangka Tengah ditinjau dari indeks saprobitas plankton [Analysis of pollution level on Kurau estuary, Central Bangka regency reviewed by plankton saprobitas index],” Akuatik: Jurnal Sumberdaya Perairan, 11(2), pp. 71–80. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33019/akuatik.v11i2.248.
• Sarkar, U.K. et al. (2020) “Understanding enviro-climatological impact on fish biodiversity of the tropical floodplain wetlands for their sustainable management,” Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(5). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00445-0.
• Sarma, K. et al. (2024) “Status of endemic freshwater ichthyofauna of Lower Subansiri River under the threats of dam construction and anthropogenic disturbances: An assessment,” in D. Sarma et al. (eds.) Aquaculture and conservation of inland coldwater fishes. Singapore: Springer, pp. 287–301. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1790-3_17.
• Shaikh, A. and Bansode, S. (2024) “Evaluating the diversity and conservation status of fishes in Ujani Dam Solapur District, Maharashtra, India,” International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 12(5), pp. 142–149. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2024.v12.i5b.2977.
• Sofarini, D. et al. (2019) “Analysis of stomach content of piscivorous fishes caught in Danau Panggang Peatland, South Kalimantan, Indonesia,” Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(12). Available at: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201243.
• Spikmans, F. et al. (2020) “Impact of the invasive alien topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) and its associated parasite Sphaerothecum destruens on native fish species,” Biological Invasions, 22(2), pp. 587–601. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02114-6.
• Stoeckle, B.C. et al. (2017) “A systematic approach to evaluate the influence of environmental conditions on eDNA detection success in aquatic ecosystems,” PLOS ONE, 12, e0189119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189119.
• Sule, A.H. et al. (2018) “Water quality influences fish occurrence in peat swamp forest and its converted areas in North Selangor, Malaysia,” Sains Malaysiana, 47(11), pp. 2589–2600. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4711-01.
• Syarif, A.F. et al. (2020) “Karakter morfometrik ikan Tepalak (Wild Betta) asal Pulau Belitung sebagai dasar pengembangan akuakultur [Morphometric character of Tempalak fish (Wild Betta) from Bangka Island for basic aquaculture development],” in Seminar Nasional Biologi “Inovasi Penelitian dan Pembelajaran Biologi IV (IP2B IV) 2020”. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya, pp. 23–27. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Syarif/publication/347025588_Karakter_Morfometrik_Ikan_Tepalak_Wild_Betta_Asal_Pulau_Belitung_Seba-gai_Dasar_Pengembangan_Akuakultur/links/5fd7951a92 851c13fe870055/Karakter-Morfometrik-Ikan-Tepalak-Wild-Betta-Asal-Pulau-Belitung-Sebagai-Dasar-Pengembangan-Akuakultur.pdf (Accessed: December 20, 2024).
• Syarif, A.F. et al. (2021) “Perbandingan pola rasio morfometrik dan karakteristik habitat dua spesies ikan Wild Betta asal Pulau Belitung [Comparison of morphometric ratio patterns and habitat characteristics of two species of Wild Betta fish from Belitung Island],” Bioscientist: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 9(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.33394/bjib.v9i1.3563.
• Taberlet, P. et al. (2018) Environmental DNA: For biodiversity research and monitoring. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.001.0001.
• Takeuchi, A. et al. (2019) “New PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from freshwater eels, genus Anguilla,” Scientific Reports, 9(1), 7977. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44402-0.
• Tate, M. et al. (2017) “Life in a bubble: The role of the labyrinth organ in determining territory, mating and aggressive behaviours in anabantoids,” Journal of Fish Biology, 91(3), pp. 723–749. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13357.
• Thomaz, S.M., Bini, L.M. and Bozelli, R.L. (2007) “Floods increase similarity among aquatic habitats in river-floodplain systems,” Hydrobiologia, 579(1), pp. 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0285-y.
• Thushari, G.G.N. and Senevirathna, J.D.M. (2020) “Plastic pollution in the marine environment,” Heliyon, 6(8), e04709. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709.
• Vivi, S.A. et al. (2023) “The effectiveness of traditional traps fishing gear (Bubu) at Nusantara Fishing Port of Tanjungpandan (NFPT), Belitung Regency,” Coastal and Marine Journal, 1(1), pp. 29–38. Available at: https://doi.org/10.61548/cmj.v1i1.4.
• Wang, L. et al. (2011) “Effects of dams in river networks on fish assemblages in non-impoundment sections of rivers in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA,” River Research and Applications, 27(4), pp. 473–487. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1356.
• Wibowo, A. et al. (2022) “Assessing freshwater fish biodiversity of Kumbe River, Papua (Indonesia) through environmental DNA metabarcoding,” Pacific Conservation Biology, 29(4), pp. 340–350. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1071/PC21078.
• Wood, K.A. et al. (2017) “Invasive crayfish impacts on native fish diet and growth vary with fish life stage,” Aquatic Sciences, 79(1), pp. 113–125. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-016-0483-2.
• Xu, Y. et al. (2023). “Comparing the performance variability of different eDNA primers in fish monitoring,” Watershed Ecology and the Environment, 6, pp. 165–175. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2024.08.003.
• Yang, Q., Liu, S. and Yu, X. (2018) “Research progress of DNA barcoding analysis methods,” Journal of Applied Ecology, 29(3), pp. 1006–1014. Available at: https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.032. [In Chinese].
• Yanti, E.V. and Haryadi, N. (2019) ”Potensi ikan hias di Danau Batu Kabupaten Pulang Pisau suatu pendekatan biologi dan etnobiologi [Potential of ornamental fish in stone Lake Pulang Pisau district a biological and ethnobiological approach],” Ziraa’ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 44(1), pp. 58–65. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i1.1666.
• Zhang, S., Zhao, J. and Yao, M. (2020) “A comprehensive and comparative evaluation of primers for metabarcoding eDNA from fish,” Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(12), pp. 1609–1625. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13485.