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Passive radars using non-cooperative ground- and satellite-based pulse radars as illuminators

Autorzy
Samczyński P.
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
PL
Radary pasywne wykorzystujące jako źródła oświetlenia niekooperujące impulsowe radary naziemne i satelitarne
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
In this work, the problems of signal processing in passive radars that utilise non-cooperative ground- and/or satellite-based pulse radar transmitters as illuminators of opportunity are considered. The work presents the entire signal processing chains carried out in passive radars in their two different applications: for the detection of air targets with the use of stationary, ground based pulse radar transmitters, and for the mapping of ground objects with the use of illumination from satellite-based pulse synthetic aperture radars (SAR). The work is divided into two main parts. In the first part, bistatic passive radars applied to air surveillance are considered. Various operating modes of such radars, which utilise as illuminators radars with mechanically, as well as electronically scanning antennas, are discussed. The possibilities and constraints for their different operating modes are analysed. A number of the time-frequency methods, based on linear, bilinear and multilinear transformations, dedicated for the estimation of received signal parameters are compared. The problem of the mullipath effect in passive radars is addressed, and the non-resistance of the lime-frequency methods to this effect is shown. As a method resistant to the multipath effect, the Extended Generalised Chirp Transform (EGCT) has been applied. A method for estimating the polynomial signal phase coefficients using an EGCT-based algorithm is proposed. The algorithm has been verified via simulations and real measurements. The methods for the estimation of both the pulse repetition frequency and the antenna rate of the illuminating radar are also presented. A new pulse synchronisation method for passive radars is proposed. This stage is a crucial link in the signal processing chain in passive radars utilising non-cooperative illuminators. The method was verified using simulations and real data gathered during a number of measurement experiments carried out on various testing fields. In the second part of the work, the synthetic aperture radar techniques for the creation of ground images are presented. The bistatic SAR geometry for the ground-based passive receiver utilising a satellite-based SAR transmitter as an illuminator of opportunity is analysed. In order to obtain cross-range compression of signals in passive SAR radars, the FFT algorithm has been proposed and verified. The problem of direct signal reception is discussed, and an algorithm for the removal of the strong direct signal from passive radar images based on CLEAN techniques was proposed and verified. As a result, effective ground clutter removal properties of passive SAR radars are achieved. The VHF- and S-band experimental passive bistatic radars for air surveillance, designed and constructed at the Warsaw University of Technology, are described. The results of measurement experiments, and real examples of detecting air targets using these radars are presented. Two C-band experimental bistatic passive SAR radars are described. The first C-band radar was developed at the Warsaw University of Technology, and the second one at the Royal Military Academy in Brussels with which the author cooperated under the NATO RTG. Examples of real passive SAR images using different bistatic geometries (forward and backward), and various C-band receivers are presented. The X-band bistatic passive SAR radar demonstrator, developed at the Warsaw University of Technology, is also described. Examples of real passive SAR images obtained with the use of this radar are presented.
PL
W pracy omówiono problematykę przetwarzania sygnałów w radarach pasywnych wykorzystujących jako źródło oświetlenia niekooperujące nadajniki impulsowych radarów naziemnych i satelitarnych. Przedstawiono pełne cykle przetwarzania sygnałów w radarach pasywnych w przypadku ich dwóch różnych zastosowań: do wykrywania obiektów powietrznych z wykorzystaniem stacjonarnych naziemnych impulsowych nadajników radarowych oraz do tworzenia zobrazowali obiektów naziemnych z wykorzystaniem jako źródeł oświetlenia impulsowych radarów satelitarnych SAR 7, syntetyczną aperturą. Praca jest podzielona na dwie zasadnicze części. W części pierwszej rozpatrzono bistatyczne radary pasywne przeznaczone do obserwacji przestrzeni powietrznej. Przedyskutowano różne tryby pracy tych radarów w przypadkach ich oświetlenia przez radary z mechanicznie, jak również z elektronicznie sterowanymi wiązkami antenowymi. Przeanalizowano potencjalne możliwości i ograniczenia tego typu radarów dla różnych trybów ich pracy. Dokonano porównania różnych metod analizy czasowo-częstotliwościowej opartych na liniowych, biliniowych i multiliniowych transformacjach, pod kątem ich wykorzystania do estymacji parametrów sygnałów odbieranych przez radar. Pokazano, że metody te są nieodporne na zjawisko wielodrogowości sygnałów występujące w radarach pasywnych. Jako metodę odporną na efekt wielodrogowoici zastosowano rozszerzoną uogólnioną transformację świergotową (ang. Extentled Generalised Chirp Transform - EGCT). Zaproponowano metodę estymacji współczynników wielomianowej fazy sygnału z zastosowaniem algorytmu opartego na transformacji EGCT. Algorytm ten został zweryfikowany symulacyjnie oraz na podstawie rzeczywistych danych pomiarowych. Przedstawiono także metodę estymacji częstotliwości powtarzania impulsów oraz prędkości obrotowej anteny nadawczej radaru oświetlającego. Zaproponowano metodę synchronizacji impulsów w radarze pasywnym. Ten etap przetwarzania jest krytycznym ogniwem w łańcuchu przetwarzania sygnałów w radarach pasywnych wykorzystujących obce źródła oświetlenia. Metoda została zweryfikowana symulacyjnie i z wykorzystaniem danych rzeczywistych zgromadzonych podczas szeregu eksperymentów pomiarowych przeprowadzonych w warunkach poligonowych. W drugiej części pracy omówiono techniki tworzenia obrazów Ziemi za pomocą pasywnych radarów SAR. Przeanalizowano bistatyczną geometrię SAR w naziemnych pasywnych odbiornikach radarowych wykorzystujących jako źródło oświetlenia satelitarne nadajniki SAR. W celu kompresji odbieranych sygnałów w kierunku azymutalnym zaproponowano i zweryfikowano algorytm z wykorzystaniem transformacji FFT. Przedyskutowano problem przenikania do odbiornika radaru pasywnego SAR sygnału bezpośredniego. W celu jego usunięcia z otrzymanych obrazów zaproponowano algorytm oparty na technikach typu CLEAN. W wyniku uzyskano efektywne usuwanie clutteru ziemnego z pasywnych zobrazowali SAR. W dalszym ciągu pracy opisano eksperymentalne radary pasywne obserwacji przestrzeni powietrznej pracujące w pasmach VHF oraz S, zaprojektowane i skonstruowane w Politechnice Warszawskiej. Przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentów pomiarowych oraz rzeczywiste przykłady detekcji obiektów powietrznych uzyskane za pomocą tych radarów. Opisano dwa eksperymentalne radary pasywne pracujące w paśmie C: pierwszy zaprojektowany w Politechnice Warszawskiej, drugi – w Królewskiej Akademii Wojskowej w Brukseli, z którą autor współpracuje w ramach grupy roboczej NATO RTG. Przytoczono przykłady rzeczywistych pasywnych obrazów SAR otrzymanych w przypadku różnych bistatycznych geometrii (w przód i wstecz) i różnych odbiorników pasma C. Ponadto opisano demonstrator radaru pasywnego pracujący w paśmie X, opracowany i skonstruowany w Politechnice Warszawskiej, i pokazano przykłady rzeczywistych obrazów SAR uzyskanych za pomocą tego demonstratora.
Słowa kluczowe
EN
PL
Wydawca
Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
Czasopismo
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektronika
Rocznik
2013
Tom
z. 185
Strony
5--140
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 215 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
Samczyński P.
  • Instytut Systemów Elektronicznych, Politechnika Warszawska
Bibliografia
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