Heavy Metals Analysis and Quality Evaluation in Drinking Groundwater around an Abandoned Mine Area of Ouichane (Nador’s Province, Morocco)

• Autorzy: Moubchir Tarik , Eloutassi Noureddine , Bendaoud Ahmed , Belkhiri Abdelkhalek , Maai Mohamed , Moubchir Majida , Zahir Ilham

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/161451

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The eventual polluting of the Ouichane region’s groundwater by heavy metals around an abandoned iron mine was investigated. To reach this aim, the research began with a questionnaire survey to assess local people’s use of and appreciation for well and spring water, followed by measurement of spatial pollution load of heavy metals: Al, Ag, Fe, Cd, As, Cr, Co, Zn, Pb and Cu for water samples collected from twelve wells and three spring drinks of water using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method (ICP). Determining the overall quality of spring and well water for human use was also performed by calculating the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). As result, the survey revealed that 44.90% of the households are not connected to the drinking water network, 97.3% of them use well water, which is highly appreciated, and 88.1% of the population consider its quality to be good to excellent. Meanwhile, the ICP analysis showed that all the water samples contain heavy metals. In fact, the maximum concentrations (expressed in 10^-5 g/l) recorded per element were 9.7 for (Ag), 15 for (Al), 6.9 for (As), 4.5 for (Cd), 5.6 for (Co), 31 for (Cr), 14 for (Cu), 858 for (Fe), 7 for (Pb) and 2.9*10^-5 g/l for (Zn). Moreover, most of the water samples recorded heavy metal values above World Health Organization (WHO) limits, for at least one metal among the ten tested, with high concentrations of iron observed in all samples. The HPI values for the three explored sources (S1, S2 and S3) and for 8 out of 12 wells (P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9 and P10) exceed the critical pollution value and identify non-potable water with a high potential of contamination. Consequently, the results of this study raise the question about groundwater around this abandoned mining area, especially in the long term, the use of groundwater could increase because of the succession of years of drought on Moroccan territory and hence may constitute a significant health risk for most of the inhabitants.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

contamination; pollution index; heavy metals; water quality; mining site; Ouichane region

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: Vol. 24, nr 5
• Strony: 118--127
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 28 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Moubchir Tarik

• Polyvalent Team in Research and Development, Department of Biology, Poly Disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6754-9618

autor

Eloutassi Noureddine

• Laboratory of Engineering, Molecular Organometallic Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco

autor

Bendaoud Ahmed

• Laboratory of Engineering, Molecular Organometallic Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-3667

autor

Belkhiri Abdelkhalek

• Laboratory of Bioactives-Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Meknes, Meknes 50000, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-0829

autor

Maai Mohamed

• Polyvalent Team in Research and Development, Department of Biology, Poly Disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

autor

Moubchir Majida

• Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco

autor

Zahir Ilham

• Polyvalent Team in Research and Development, Department of Biology, Poly Disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

Bibliografia

• 1. Hazrat, A., Khan, E., Ikram, I. 2019. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 2019, 14.
• 2. Alloway, B.J. 2013. Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils. In: Alloway, B. (eds) Heavy Metals in Soils. Environmental Pollution, 22, 11–50.
• 3. Bloomer, S.A., Brown, K.E. 2019. Iron-induced liver injury: a critical reappraisal. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(9), 2132.
• 4. Bloundi, M.K., Duplay, J., Quaranta, G. 2009. Heavy metal contamination of coastal lagoon sediments by anthropogenic activities: the case of Nador (East Morocco). Environmental Geology, 56, 833–843.
• 5. Bouabdellah, M., Lebret, N., Marcoux, E., Sadequi, M. 2012. Les mines des Beni Bou Ifrour-Ouixane (Rif Oriental): un district ferrugineux néogène de type skarns The Beni Bou Ifrour-Ouixane mines (Eastern Rif), Neogene Skarn Type Iron Deposits. Notes et mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc, 564, 357–362.
• 6. Cadmus, P., Brinkman, S.F., May, M.K. 2018. Chronic toxicity of ferric iron for North American aquatic organisms: Derivation of a chronic water quality criterion using single species and mesocosm data. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 74, 605–615.
• 7. Chen, J.-H., Czajka, D.R., Lion, L.W., Shuler, M.L., Ghiorse, W.C. 1995. Trace metal mobilization in soil by bacterial polymers. Environ Health Perspect, 103, 53–58.
• 8. Eaton, J.W., Qian, M. 2002. Molecular bases of cellular iron toxicity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 32(9), 833-840.
• 9. Faouzi, J., Rezouki, S., Bourhia, M., Moubchir, T., Abbou, M.B., Baammi, S., Farid, K., Aboul-Soud, M.A., Giesy, J.P., Benbacer, L. and Eloutassi, N. 2023. Assessment of impacts of industrial effluents on physico-chemical and microbiological qualities of irrigation water of the Fez Rriver, Morocco. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1–14.
• 10. Förstner, U., Wittmann, G.T., Prosi, F. 1981. Heavy metals in aquatic organisms. Metal pollution in the aquatic environment, 271–323.
• 11. Ghaderpoori, M., Jafari, A., Ghaderpoury, A., Karami, M. 2018. Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water–Khorramabad city, Iran. Data Brief, 16, 685–692.
• 12. Hakkou, R., Benzaazoua, M., Bussiere, B. 2008. Acid mine drainage at the abandoned Kettara mine (Morocco): 2. Mine waste geochemical behavior. Mine Water Environ, 27, 160–170.
• 13. Haut Commissariat au Plan (HCP). 2014. Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat (2014). [WWW Document]. http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/downloads/Publications-RGPH-2014_t18649.html
• 14. Khafouri A., Talbi E. 2020. Assessment of Metallic Contamination of Water Resources in the Area Around the Abandoned Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco). GEOIT4W-2020: Proceedings of the 4th Edition of International Conference on Geo-IT and Water Resources 2020, Geo-IT and Water Resources 2020. March 2020 Article No: 35, 1–6.
• 15. Kaiser, H.F. 1960. Directional statistical decisions. Psychol Rev, 67, 160.
• 16. Lakrim, M., Mesrar, L., El Aroussi, O., Lahrach, A., Beaabidate, L., Garouani, A., Chaouni, A., Tabyaoui, H., Jabrane, R., 2011. Impact Study Of Mining Waste Of The Nador Mine On The Environment (North-Eastern Of Morocco). Revue Ljee. LJEE N°18 . Juin 2011, 78–94.
• 17. Liang, Y., Yi, X., Dang, Z., Wang, Q., Luo, H., Tang, J. 2017. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of a tailing pond in Guangdong, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(12), 1557.
• 18. Lyazidi, R., Hessane, M.A., Moutei, J.F., Bahir, M., Ouhamdouch, S. 2019. Management of water resource from semiarid area by elaborating database under GIS: case of Gareb-Bouareg aquifer (Rif, Morocco). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12(11), 1–14.
• 19. Maanan, M., Saddik, M., Maanan, M., Chaibi, M., Assobhei, O., Zourarah, B. 2015. Environmental and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Nador lagoon, Morocco. Ecological Indicators, 48, 616–626.
• 20. Mohan, S.V., Nithila, P., Reddy, S.J. 1996. Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 31, 283–289.
• 21. Pal, R., Dubey, R.K., Dubey, S.K., Singh, A.K. 2017. Assessment of heavy metal pollution through index analysis for Yamuna water in Agra region, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(12), 1491–1498.
• 22. Rezouki, S., Allali, A., Touati, N., Mansouri, D., Eloutassi, N., Fadli, M. 2021. Spatio-temporal evolution of the physico-chemical parameters of the Inaouen wadi and its tributaries. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 9, 3–9.
• 23. Sanae, R., Aimad, A., Karim, B., Jamaa, H., Noureddine, E., Mohamed, F. 2021. The Impact of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals on the Biodiversity of Benthic Macrofauna in the Inaouene Wadi (Taza, North East Morocco). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22, 231–241.
• 24. Ugochukwu, U.C., Chukwuone, N., Jidere, C., Ezeudu, B., Ikpo, C., Ozor, J. 2022. Heavy metal contamination of soil, sediment and water due to galena mining in Ebonyi State Nigeria: Economic costs of pollution based on exposure health risks. J Environ Manage, 321, 115864.
• 25. Uugwanga, M.N., Kgabi, N.A. 2021. Heavy metal pollution index of surface and groundwater from around an abandoned mine site, Klein Aub. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 124, 103067.
• 26. Wei, W., Ma, R., Sun, Z., Zhou, A., Bu, J., Long, X., Liu, Y. 2018. Effects of mining activities on the release of heavy metals (HMs) in a typical mountain headwater region, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15, 1987.
• 27. World Health Organization, 2017. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: first addendum to the fourth edition.
• 28. Zhang, Q., Wang, C. 2020. Natural and human factors affect the distribution of soil heavy metal pollution: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut, 231, 1–13.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).