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Użycie amunicji kasetowej w konflikcie zbrojnym na wschodzie Ukrainy

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Warianty tytułu
EN
Use of cluster munition in the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
PL
Na wschodzie Ukrainy toczą się walki określane mianem wojny hybrydowej, w której większość ofiar to ludność cywilna. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że amunicja kasetowa była powszechnie stosowana w tym konflikcie. Jej użycie na terenach zaludnionych narusza Konwencję genewską o ochronie osób cywilnych podczas wojny i ze względu na swój masowy charakter może stanowić zbrodnie wojenną. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie czytelnikowi najbardziej realistycznego obrazu użycia amunicji kasetowej w tym konflikcie. Ze względu na aktualność wydarzeń, autor opierał się głównie na źródłach internetowych. Praca ma przede wszystkim charakter syntetyczny.
EN
Eastern Ukraine is suffering fights called hybrid war, where the majority of the victims are civilians. It is beyond doubt that cluster munition was widely used in this conflict. Its use in populated areas violate Geneva Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war and due to its mass nature may constitute a war crime. The aim of this article is to show to the reader the most realistic picture of the use of cluster munition in this conflict. Owing to the timing of the events, the author was basing his findings mainly on the online sources. This work is most importantly synthetic.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
25--42
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 48 poz., tab.
Bibliografia
  • 1. Armament Research Services (ARES), 9M27K series cargo rockets used in Ukraine,http://www.armamentresearch.com/9m27k-series-cargo-rockets-used-in-ukraine/
  • 2. Armament Research Services (ARES), 9M55K cargo rockets and 9N235 submunitions in Ukraine, http://www.armamentresearch.com/9m55k-cargo-rockets-and-9n235-submunitions-in-ukraine/
  • 3. BBC News, Ukraine crisis: Army accused of using cluster bombs, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29702522?ocid=socialflow_twitter
  • 4. Cluster Munition Coalition, Cluster munition used by both sides in Ukraine, http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/media/news/2015/cluster-munitions-used-byboth-sides-in-ukraine.aspx
  • 5. Cluster Munition Coalition, Treaty status, http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/the-treaty/treaty-status.aspx
  • 6. Cluster Munition Coalition, Use of cluster bombs, Use of Cluster Munition in Ukraine in 2015, http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/cluster-bombs/use-of-clusterbombs/cluster-munition-use-in-ukraine.aspx
  • 7. CNN, UN: Reports of cluster bombs used in Ukraine are ‘extremely alarming’, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/21/world/europe/ukraine-un-cluster-bombs/index.html?eref=edition&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
  • 8. Collective Awareness to UXO, 9N210 Russian Submunition, http://www.cat-uxo.com/#/9n210-submunition/4576755292
  • 9. Convention on Cluster Munition, History, http://www.clusterconvention.org/theconvention/history/
  • 10. Convention on Cluster Munition, http://www.clusterconvention.org/files/2011/01/Convention-ENG.pdf
  • 11. Convention on Cluster Munition, Oslo conference on Cluster Munitions, 22-23 February 2007, Declatation, http://www.clusterconvention.org/files/2012/11/Oslo-Declaration-final-23-February-2007.pdf
  • 12. Euromaidan Press, Ukraine denies using cluster munition in East, http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/10/21/ukraine-denies-using-cluster-munitions-in-east/
  • 13. Facebook, Прес-центр АТО, https://www.facebook.com/ato.news/photos/a.820671234610351.1073741828.820651001279041/851586684852139/
  • 14. Hromadske international, ‘OSCE didn’t find any evidence of the use of cluster munitions in Donbas’ – OSCE mission speaker, http://int.hromadske.tv/articles/show/osce-didnt-find-any-evidence-of-the-use-of-cluster-munitions-in-donbas-osce-missionspeaker
  • 15. Human Rights Watch, Dispatches: Memo to Russia on Ukraine Cluster Munitions, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/23/dispatches-memo-russia-ukraine-cluster-munitions
  • 16. Human Rights Watch, Georgia, A Dying Practice, Use of Cluster Munitions by Russia and Georgia in August 2008, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0409webwcover_0.pdf
  • 17. Human Rights Watch, Ukraine, Widespread Use of Cluster Munition, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/20/ukraine-widespread-use-cluster-munitions
  • 18. International Committee of the Red Cross, Ukraine: ICRC delegate killed in Donetsk, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ukraine-icrc-delegate-killed-donetsk
  • 19. Kyiv Post, Ukrainian government denies allegations of war crimes, use of cluster bombs, http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainian-government-denies-allegations-ofwar-crimes-368871.html
  • 20. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, Country Profiles, Russia, http://www.themonitor.org/custom/index.php/region_profiles/print_profile/973
  • 21. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, Country Profiles, Ukraine, http://www.themonitor.org/custom/index.php/region_profiles/print_profile/1015
  • 22. Newsru.com, Объявленного в розыск Арсена Авакова вслед за Коломойским арестовали в Москве – заочно, http://www.newsru.com/russia/09jul2014/avakov.html
  • 23. Newsru.com, Украинского миллиардера Коломойского заочно арестовали в России.Аваков – на очереди, http://www.newsru.com/russia/02jul2014/kolom.html
  • 24. OSCE, Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine, based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 9 November 2014, http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/126539
  • 25. OSCE, Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 15 February 2015, http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/140886
  • 26. OSCE, Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 12 February 2015, http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/140521
  • 27. OSCE, Spot report by the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM): Shelling in Kramatorsk, 10 February 2015, http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/139836
  • 28. OSCE, Spot report by the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), 3 February 2015: Civilians killed and wounded in strike with cluster munitions in Izvestkova Street in Luhansk city, http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/138906
  • 29. Petro Poroshenko, President of Ukraine, official website, President: Shelling of Kramatorsk is another evidence of usage of heavy weaponry against civilians, http://www. president.gov.ua/en/news/32224.html
  • 30. R. Bazela, Amunicja kasetowa, „Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia” 2002, nr 1, Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia.
  • 31. RT, Ukraine used phosphorous incendiaries, cluster bombs against cities – Russian military, http://rt.com/news/175572-ukraine-phosphorous-cluster-evidence/
  • 32. Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise, Splav State Research and Production Association, http://www.splav.org/en/index.asp
  • 33. Slovo i Dilo, http://en.slovoidilo.ua/articles/5757/2014-11-15/karta-ato-po-sostoyaniyuna-15-noyabrya-v-dinamike.html
  • 34. Slovo i Dilo, Карта АТО станом на 1 липня (в динаміці), http://www.slovoidilo.ua/articles/3466/2014-07-01/situaciya-na-vostoke-ukrainy-po-sostoyaniyu-na-1-iyulyainfografika.html
  • 35. Slovo i Dilo, Карта АТО: як змінилася ситуація на сході за два місяці, http://www.slovoidilo.ua/articles/3672/2014-07-15/karta-ato-kak-izmenilas-situaciya-na-vostokeza-dva-mesyaca.html
  • 36. Sputnik News, McCain to Sputnik: Ukraine’s Use of Cluster Bombs In US’ Fault, http://sputniknews.com/politics/20150205/1017844947.html
  • 37. Storify.com, Cluster munition use in Ukraine, https://storify.com/banclusterbombs/ukraine-cluster-munition-use
  • 38. Tass, Russian News Agency, Donetsk militia forces claim seizing control of Starobeshevo from pro-Kiev troops, http://tass.ru/en/world/746795
  • 39. The Boston Globe, Troops in Ukraine strike back at rebels; Putin pushes truce, http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2014/07/04/ukraine-claims-win-ground-rebelliouseast/RujaPNVxQoU28xA4OlZcsL/story.html
  • 40. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Comment by Russian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Alexander Lukashevich regarding the Human Rights Watch report on the use of cluster munitions by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in populated areas of the Donetsk Region, http://mid.ru/bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/3cb0d2874273033044257d7a005c327b!OpenDocument
  • 41. The New York Times, Ukraine Used Cluster Bombs, Evidence Indicates, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/21/world/ukraine-used-cluster-bombs-report-charges.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes
  • 42. The Washington Post, ‘Start a Dialogue,” Ukraine’s Foreign Minister Ugres, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/opinion/start-a-dialogue-ukraines-foreign-minister-urges.html?_r=0
  • 43. The Washington Post, Ukrainian military accused of repeatedly using cluster bomb rockets against separatists, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/10/21/ukrainian-military-accused-of-repeatedly-using-cluster-bomb-rocketsagainst-separatists/?Post+generic=%3Ftid%3Dsm_twitter_washingtonpost
  • 44. Twitter, Unexploded submunitions from 9M27K cargo rockets at an abandoned rebel facility in Slovyansk, Ukraine, https://twitter.com/balintszlanko/status/487988875626024961
  • 45. United Nations, Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/db141021.doc.htm
  • 46. YouTube, Мелитополь. Колонна РСЗО Смерч идет на Донбасс! Украина новости сегодня, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g_K97a405A
  • 47. Следственный Комитет Российской Федерации, Арсен Аваков и Игорь Коломойский объявлены в международный розыск, http://www.sledcom.ru/news/item/522805/
  • 48. Следственный Комитет Российской Федерации, Возбуждено уголовное дело в отношении Игоря Коломойского и Арсена Авакова, http://www.sledcom.ru/news/item/522788/
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-be9317be-76b4-46b0-81d7-643d775ee78b
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