Non-uniformly Spaced Antenna Arrays with Overlapped Elements Constraint

• Autorzy: Qassim Noor Mohammed , Mohammed Jafar Ramadhan

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.26636/jtit.2024.4.1740

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In the literature, inter-element spacing antenna design methods have been widely discussed and presented as an alternative approach to element excitation amplitude and/or phase control methods that may be relied upon to achieve the required array pattern shapes. However, methods associated with non-uniformly distributed elements suffer from the element overlap problem, where some of the optimized element locations may overlap each other and cause changes in the overall array aperture length. Practically, these element overlaps cannot be implemented, due to the physical antenna element size, without omitting some of them. Consequently, the overall performance of the antenna array is degraded. Further, degradation may occur when considering phased arrays with scanned main beams. In this paper, we first illustrate the effect of the problem of overlapped element locations and then we propose two approaches based on the genetic algorithm to optimize non-uniformly spaced arrays with overlapped element locations, while simultaneously preserving the array’s directivity. To solve the problem of overlapping and to determine the physical array element size, the minimum element-spacing constraints are incorporated in a simple way in the proposed approaches. Thus, the time required to perform optimization-related computations is greatly reduced. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the two proposed solutions, where the probability of the elements overlapping has been reduced to zero under specific conditions related to the locations of the some of the elements, while the peak sidelobe levels were always kept below -15 dB and directivity was maintained, to the extent possible, at the level of that of standard uniformly spaced arrays.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

element location overlaps; non-uniformly spaced arrays; phased antenna arrays; sidelobe level minimization

• Wydawca: Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: nr 4
• Strony: 23--30
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 25 poz., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Qassim Noor Mohammed

• student - College of Electronics Engineering Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq

autor

Mohammed Jafar Ramadhan

• College of Electronics Engineering Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-6013

Bibliografia

• [1] A.J. Abdulqader, J.R. Mohammed, and R.H. Thaher, “Phase-only Nulling with Limited Number of Controllable Side Elements”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 99, pp. 167–178, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC20010203).
• [2] J.R. Mohammed, A.J. Abdulqader, and R.H. Thaher, “Array Pattern Recovery under amplitude Excitation Errors Using Clustered Elements”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 98, pp. 183–192, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERM20101906).
• [3] J.R. Mohammed and K.H. Sayidmarie, “Sensitivity of the Adaptive Nulling to Random Errors in Amplitude and Phase Excitations in Array Elements”, Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 51–56, 2018 (https://jtec.utem.edu.my/jtec/article/view/2023).
• [4] M. Takuro and F. Mitoshi, “Reduction of Quantization Error Using Auxiliary Antenna on Array Antenna”, IEICE Communications Express, vol.7, no.10, pp. 347–351, 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1587/comex.2018XBL0091).
• [5] J.R. Mohammed and K.M. Younis, “Null Steering Implementation by Controlling Side-elements Positions”, International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 568–575, 2021.
• [6] N. Anselmi, L. Tosi, P. Rocca, and A. Massa, “On the Design of Next Generation Phased Array Antennas - Methods, Architectures, and Trends”, 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Florence, Italy, 2023 (https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133211).
• [7] J.R. Mohammed, “An Optimum Side Lobe Reduction Method with Weight Perturbation”, Journal of Computational Electronics, vol.18, no. 2, pp. 705–711, 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-019-01323-5).
• [8] J. Sanchez-Gomez, D.H. Covarrubias, and M.A. Panduro, “A Synthesis of Unequally Spaced Antenna Arrays Using Legendre Functions”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 7, pp. 57–69, 2009 (https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERM09032305).
• [9] J.R. Mohammed and K.H. Sayidmarie, “Synthesizing Asymmetric Side Lobe Pattern with Steered Nulling in Nonuniformly Excited Linear Arrays by Controlling Edge Elements”, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2017, 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9293031).
• [10] J.R. Mohammed, “Phased Array Antenna with Ultra-low Sidelobes”, Electronics Letters, vol. 49, no. 17, pp. 1055—1056, 2013 (https: //doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.1642).
• [11] S.K. Goudos et al., “Sparse Linear Array Synthesis with Multiple Constraints Using Differential Evolution with Strategy Adaptation”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. 670–673, 2011 (https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2011.2161256).
• [12] J.R. Mohammed, “Obtaining Wide Steered Nulls in Linear Array Patterns by Controlling the Locations of Two Edge Elements”, AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 101, pp. 145–151, 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.02.004).
• [13] T.H. Ismail and M.M. Dawoud, “Null Steering in Phased Arrays by Controlling the Element Positions”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1561–1566, 1991 (https://doi.org/10.1109/8.102769).
• [14] A. Mukherjee, S.K. Mandal, and R. Ghatak, “Synthesis of Nonuniformly Spaced Planar Array Geometry Using Differential Evolution Algorithm”, 2016 IEEE Indian Antenna Week (IAW 2016), Madurai, India, 2016 (https://doi.org/10.1109/IndianAW.20 16.7883599).
• [15] D.W. Boeringer and D.H. Werner, “Particle Swarm Optimization versus Genetic Algorithms for Phased Array Synthesis”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 771–779, 2004 (https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2004.825102).
• [16] C. Zhang et al., “Synthesis of Broadside Linear Aperiodic Arrays with Sidelobe Suppression and Null Steering Using Whale Optimization Algorithm”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 347–350, 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2789919).
• [17] G. Toso and P. Angeletti, “Optimal Combined Amplitude-density Synthesis of Aperiodic Arrays”, Proc. of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), pp. 3044–3047, 2011 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5782222).
• [18] J.R. Mohammed, “Thinning a Subset of Selected Elements for Null Steering Using Binary Genetic Algorithm”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 67, pp. 147–157, 2018 (https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERM18021604).
• [19] A. Khan and J.S. Roy, “Design of Low Power Thinned Smart Antenna for 6G Sky Connection”, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 1, pp. 26–33, 2024 (https://doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1438).
• [20] J.R. Mohammed, “A Method for Thinning Useless Elements in the Planar Antenna Arrays” Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, vol. 97, pp. 105–113, 2021 (https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERL21022104).
• [21] A.J. Abdulqader, J.R. Mohammed, and Y.A. Ali, “A T-shaped Polyomino Subarray Design Method for Controlling Sidelobe Level”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 126, pp. 243–251, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc22080803).
• [22] J.R. Mohammed, “Simplified Rectangular Planar Array with Circular Boundary for Side Lobe Suppression”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 97, pp. 57–68, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERM20062906).
• [23] J. Hejres, “Null Steering in Phased Arrays by Controlling the Positions of Selected Elements”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 2891–2895, 2004 (https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2004.835128).
• [24] L. Chen et al., “Synthesis of Large-Scale Planar Isophoric Sparse Arrays Using Iterative Least Squares with Nonredundant Constraints (ILS-NRC)”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 4232–4245, 2024 (https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3375971).
• [25] P. You et al., “Synthesis of Unequally Spaced Linear Antenna Arrays with Minimum Element Spacing Constraint by Alternating Convex Optimization”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 3126–3130, 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2764069).