Influence of 3D-printing on the flammability properties of railway applications using polycarbonate (PC) and polylactic acid (PLA)

• Autorzy: Hohenwarter Dieter , Fischer Christopher , Berger Matthias

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.36137/1874E

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Due to limited production numbers, using additive manufacturing for the production of railway components, is proving more economical. Furthermore, strict requirements regarding flammability properties, standardised in EN 45545-2, are applied on trains. This work focuses on the production of transparent components made of Polycarbonate via 3D-printing. The polymer was modified using different flame retardant agents and the influence of the printing parameters, especially the print density, was determined. Polylactic Acid was examined for comparison reasons only. The printed and modified polymers were tested exposing the samples to heat radiation, according to ISO 5660-1 using a Cone Calorimeter, and to a direct flame, according to UL 94. Processing and printing of the polymer causes thermal stress to the molecules. This may lead to a worsening of the flammability causing a decline of the properties compared to the native Polycarbonate. This was confirmed through both testing methods. Moreover, the additive and the print density both influence the flammability properties depending on the polymer type. In summary print parameters and additivation have to be carefully considered when it comes to the flammability properties of polymers.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

fire behaviour; material; Polycarbonate; 3D print

• Wydawca: Instytut Kolejnictwa
• Czasopismo: Problemy Kolejnictwa
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: Z. 187
• Strony: 99--107
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 14 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Hohenwarter Dieter

• Federal Testing Centre TGM, Department of Plastics Technology and Environmental Engineering

autor

Fischer Christopher

• Laboratory for Polymer Engineering (LKT), TGM

autor

Berger Matthias

• Federal Testing Centre TGM, Department of Plastics Technology and Environmental Engineering

Bibliografia

• 1. Gebhardt A. , Hötter, J.S.: Additive Manufacturing, 3D Printing for Prototyping and Manufacturing, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2016.
• 2. Biopolymers – Polylactic acid and flame retardancy, Clariant Plastics & Coatings (Deutschland) GmbH https://www.flameretardants-online.com/news/archive?showid=17854 [02.01.2020].
• 3. Bioplastics market data, European Bioplastics e. V., https://www.european-bioplastics.org/market (07.01.2020).
• 4. Troitzsch J.: Plastics Flammability Handbook, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2004.
• 5. Hohenwarter D .: Experience gained from fire tests according EN 45 545-2 and DIN 5510-2 for testing of seats, Problemy Kolejnictwa [Railway Reports], 2016, Volume 60, Issue 171, pp. 27−38.
• 6. Troitzsch J.: The globalisation of fire testing and its impact on polymers and flame retardants, In: Polymer Degradation and Stability, Volume 88, Issue 1, April 2005, pp. 146−149.
• 7. Hörold S.: Phos phorus flame retardants in thermoset resins, In: Polymer De gradation and Stability, Volume 64, Issue 3, June 1999, pp. 427−431.
• 8. Allender P.J.: Fl ame retardant polymer aspects of design, In: Materials & Design, Volume 8, Issue 3, May–June 1987, pp. 160−167.
• 9. ISO 5660-1: Reaction-to-fire tests – Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate, Part 1: Heat release rate; cone calorimeter method Edition: March, 2015.
• 10. EN 45545-2: Railway a pplications – Fire protection on railway vehicles Part 2: Requirements for fire behavior of material and components Edition: March 2016.
• 11. UL 94: Standard for Safety Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances Edition: 5th Edition, released in February 2013.
• 12. ÖVE/ÖNORM EN 60 695-11-10 Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr Teil 11−10: Prüfflammen – Prüfverfahren mit 50-W-Prüfflamme horizontal und vertikal Edition: November 2014.
• 13. Covestro AG.: Polycarbonat für die Massenproduktion im 3D-Druck [Polycarbonate for mass production in 3D-printing], In: Österreichische Kunststoff zeitschrift , Volume 11/12, Wien, 2019 (german article).
• 14. Hohenwarter D., Fischer C., Berg er M.: Development of a flame retardant and 3D-printable material applicable for light covers in railways, Report to innovation study funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), 2019.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).