The importance of ciliates as a trophic link in shallow, brackish and eutrophic lakes

• Autorzy: Rychert K. , Wielgat-Rychert M. , Myszka M. , Krawiec K. , Szczurowska D. , Bochyńska M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The importance of ciliates as a trophic link, which is defined as a fraction of the energy bound by primary producers that is transferred through the ciliate community, was assessed in the pelagic zones of shallow, eutrophic, and estuarine lakes. The study was conducted in Lake Gardno and Lake Łebsko located in northern Poland. Each of these lakes is characterized by very high mean annual ciliate biomasses of 115 μg C^-1 (Lake Gardno, April 2006 – April 2007), 107 μg C L^-1 (Lake Gardno, February 2007 – February 2008), 85 [mu]g C L^-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – November 2007), and 127 μg C L^-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – September 2008). Ciliate production was estimated using allometric equations and was compared to primary production measured with the light-and-dark bottles method. Annual, depth-integrated ciliate secondary production corresponded to 9 and 11% (Lake Gardno, two consecutive years studied) and 12% (Lake Łebsko, the same value for two growing seasons studied) of primary production. These values exceed the majority of other estimates in the literature, which indicates the high importance of ciliates in such highly-productive, shallow lakes.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

microbial food web; brackish; shallow lake; ciliates; production; energy flow

PL

mikrobiologiczne sieci troficzna; półsłony; jezioro płytkowodne; orzęski; produkcja; przepływ energii

• Wydawca: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Ecology
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Vol. 60, nr 4
• Strony: 767--776
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 57 poz., il.

Twórcy

autor

Rychert K.

• Department of Aquatic Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego st. 22b, 76–200 Słupsk, Poland

autor

Wielgat-Rychert M.

• Department of Aquatic Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego st. 22b, 76–200 Słupsk, Poland

autor

Myszka M.

• Department of Aquatic Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego st. 22b, 76–200 Słupsk, Poland

autor

Krawiec K.

• Department of Aquatic Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego st. 22b, 76–200 Słupsk, Poland

autor

Szczurowska D.

• Department of Aquatic Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego st. 22b, 76–200 Słupsk, Poland

autor

Bochyńska M.

• Department of Aquatic Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego st. 22b, 76–200 Słupsk, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Arndt H., Jost G., Wasmund N. 1990 – Dynamics of pelagic ciliates in eutrophic estuarine waters: importance of functional groups among ciliates and responses to bacterial and phytoplankton production – Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 34: 239–245.
• 2. Azam F., Fenchel T., Field J.D., Gray J.S., Meyer-Reil L.A., Thingstad F. 1983 – The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea – Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10: 257–263.
• 3. Balicki H. 1981 – Zarys hydrologii jeziora Gardno [Hydrology outline of Gardno Lake] - Wiad. IMGW, 7: 91–98 (in Polish).
• 4. Beaver J.R., Crisman T.L. 1982 – The trophic response of ciliated protozoans in freshwater lakes – Limnol. Oceanogr. 27: 246–253.
• 5. Beaver J.R., Crisman T.L. 1989 – The role of ciliated protozoa in pelagic freshwater ecosystems – Microb. Ecol. 17: 111–136.
• 6. Bownik-Dylińska L. 1975 – Ecosystems of the Mikołajskie Lake. Dynamics and biomass of free-living planktonic protozoans – Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 22: 65–72.
• 7. Calbet A., Saiz E. 2005 – The ciliate-copepod link in marine ecosystems – Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 38: 157–167.
• 8. Carrias J.-F., Thouvenot A., Amblard Ch., Sime-Ngando T. 2001 – Dynamics and growth estimates of planktonic protists during early spring in Lake Pavin, France – Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 24: 163–174.
• 9. Chróst R.J., Siuda W. 2006 – Microbial production, utilisation, and enzymatic degradation of organic matter in the upper trophogenic layer in the pelagial zone of lakes along a eutrophication gradient – Limnol. Oceanogr. 51: 749–762.
• 10. Ficek D. 2012 – Biooptical properties of the Pomeranian lakes and their comparison with other lakes and the Baltic Sea – Dissertations and Monographs of IO PAS, in press (in Polish).
• 11. Ficek D., Wielgat-Rychert M. 2009 – Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in chlorophyll concentrations in the coastal Lake Gardno (Poland) – Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. 38: 1–13.
• 12. Foissner W., Berger H. 1996 – A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology – Freshwater Biol. 35: 375–482.
• 13. Gasol J.N., Duarte C.M. 2000 – Comparative analyses in aquatic microbial ecology: how far do they go? – FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31: 99–106.
• 14. HELCOM 1998 – The third Baltic Sea pollution load compilation – Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. 70.
• 15. Jańczak J. 1997 – Atlas of Polish lakes – Bogucki Scientific Publisher, Poznań, 256 pp. (in Polish).
• 16. Jarosiewicz A. 2009 – Seasonal changes of nutrient concentration in two shallow estuarine lakes Gardno and Lebsko; comparison – Balt. Coast. Zone 13: 121–133.
• 17. Jeppesen E., Søndergaard M., Kanstrup E., Petersen B., Eriksen R.B., Hammershøj M., Mortensen E., Jensen J.P., Have A. 1994 – Does the impact of nutrients on the biological structure and function of brackish and freshwater differ? – Hydrobiologia 275/276: 15–30.
• 18. Kalinowska K. 2004 – Bacteria, nanoflagellates and ciliates as components of the microbial loop in three lakes of different trophic state – Pol. J. Ecol. 52: 19–34.
• 19. Landry M.R., Kirchman D.L. 2002 – Microbial community structure and variability in the tropical Pacific – Deep Sea Res. II 49: 2669–2693.
• 20. Leakey R.J.G., Burkill P.H., Sleigh M.A. 1992 – Planktonic ciliates in Southampton Water: abundance, biomass, production, and role in pelagic carbon flow – Mar. Biol. 114: 67–83.
• 21. Leakey R.J.G., Burkill P.H., Sleigh M.A. 1994 – Ciliate growth rates from Plymouth Sound: comparison of direct and indirect estimates – J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 74: 849–861.
• 22. Lee J.J., Hunter S.H., Bovee E.C. 1985 – An illustrated guide to protozoa – Allen Press, Lawrence, 629 pp.
• 23. Levinsen H., Nielsen G.T. 2002 – The trophic role of marine pelagic ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in Arctic and temperate coastal ecosystems: A cross-latitude comparison – Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 427–439.
• 24. Levinsen H., Turner J.T., Nielsen T.G., Hansen B.W. 2000 – On the trophic coupling between protists and copepods in arctic marine ecosystems – Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 204: 65–77.
• 25. Macek M., Šimek K., Pernthaler J., Vyhnálek V., Psenner R. 1996 – Growth rates of dominant planktonic ciliates in two freshwater of different trophic degree – J. Plankton Res. 18: 463–481.
• 26. Montagnes D.J.S., Lynn D.H., Roff J.C., Taylor W.D. 1988 – The annual cycle of heterotrophic planktonic ciliates in the waters surrounding the Isles of Shoals, Gulf of Maine: an assessment of their trophic role – Mar. Biol. 1: 21–30.
• 27. Montagnes D.J.S., Allen J., Brown L., Bulit C., Davidson R., Fielding S., Heath M., Holliday P., Rasmussen J., Sanders R., Waniek J.J., Wilson D. 2010 – Role of ciliates and other microzooplankton in the Irminger Sea (NW Atlantic Ocean) – Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 411: 101–115.
• 28. Moritz C.M., Montagnes D., Carleton J.H., Wilson D., McKinnon A.D. 2006 - The potential role of microzooplankton in a northwestern Australian pelagic food web – Mar. Biol. Res. 2: 1–13.
• 29. Mudryk Z., Donderski W. 1997 – The occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria decomposing some macromolecular compounds in shallow estuarine lakes – Hydrobiologia, 342/343: 71–78.
• 30. Müller H. 1989 – The relative importance of different ciliate taxa in the pelagic food web of Lake Constance – Microb. Ecol. 18: 261–273.
• 31. Müller H., Geller W. 1993 – Maximum growth rates of aquatic ciliated protozoa: the dependence on body size and temperature reconsidered – Arch. Hydrobiol. 126: 315–327.
• 32. Müller H., Schöne A., Pinto-Coelho R.M., Schweizer A., Weisse T. 1991 – Seasonal succession of ciliates in Lake Constance – Microb. Ecol. 21: 119–138.
• 33. Ota T., Taniguchi A. 2003 – Standing crop of planktonic ciliates in the East China Sea and their potential grazing impact and contribution to nutrient regeneration – Deep-Sea Res. II 50: 423–442.
• 34. Patterson D.J., Hedley S. 2003 – Free-living freshwater protozoa – a colour guide – Manson Publishing, Washington, 223 pp.
• 35. Paturej E. 2003 – Zooplankton (In: Jezioro Gardno [Lake Gardno], Ed: Z. Mudryk) – Pomeranian Pedagogical University Press, Słupsk, pp. 99–111 (in Polish).
• 36. Pfister G., Auer B., Arndt H. 2002a – Community analysis of pelagic ciliates in numerous different freshwater and brackish water habitats – Verh. Int. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 27: 3404–3408.
• 37. Pfister G., Auer B., Arndt H. 2002b – Pelagic ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) of different brackish and freshwater lakes – a community analysis at the species level – Limnologica, 32: 147–168.
• 38. Scheffer M. 2004 – Ecology of shallow lakes – Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 375 pp.
• 39. Sherr E.B., Sherr B.F. 1988 – Role of microbes in pelagic food webs: a revised concept - Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 765–775.
• 40. Šimek K., Jürgens K., Nedoma J., Comerma M., Armengol J. 2000 – Ecological role and bacterial grazing of Halteria spp.: small freshwater oligotrichs as dominant pelagic ciliate bacterivores – Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 22: 43–56.
• 41. Taylor W.D., Johannsson O.E. 1991 – A comparison of estimates of productivity and consumption by zooplankton for planktonic ciliates in Lake Ontario – J. Plankton Res. 13: 363–372.
• 42. Turley C.M., Newell R.C., Robins D.B. 1986 – Survival strategies of two small marine ciliates and their role in regulating bacterial community structure under experimental conditions – Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 33: 59–70.
• 43. Utermöhl H. 1958 – Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik – Mitt. Int. Ver. Limnol. 9: 1–38.
• 44. Uye S.-I., Nagano N., Tamaki H. 1996 – Geographical and seasonal variations in abundance, biomass and estimated production rates of microzooplankton in the Inland Sea of Japan – J. Oceanogr. 52: 689–703.
• 45. Verity P.G., Langdon C. 1984 – Relationships between lorica volume, carbon, nitrogen, and ATP content of tintinnids in Narragansett Bay – J. Plankton Res. 6: 859–867.
• 46. Wallberg P., Jonsson P.R., Johnstone R. 1999 – Abundance, biomass and growth rates of pelagic microorganisms in a tropical coastal ecosystem – Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 18: 175–185.
• 47. Weisse T. 1991 – The microbial food web and its sensitivity to eutrophication and contaminant enrichment: a cross-system overview – Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76: 327–337.
• 48. Weisse T., Müller H., Pinto-Coelho R.M., Schweizer A., Springmann D., Baldringer G. 1990 – Response of the microbial loop to the phytoplankton spring bloom in a large prealpine lake – Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 781–794.
• 49. Wetzel R.G., Likens G.F. 1991 – Limnological Analyses – Springer-Verlag, New York, 391 pp.
• 50. Wielgat-Rychert M., Rychert K. 2008 – Annual primary production of Lake Gardno and Lake Łebsko (In: Anthropogenic and natural transformations of lakes, 2, Eds: E. Bajkiewicz-Grabowska, D. Borowiak) – Wyd. KLUG-PTLim, Gdańsk, pp. 211–214.
• 51. Wielgat-Rychert M., Rychert K., Ficek D. 2010 – Factors controlling pelagic production and respiration in a shallow polymictic lake – Pol. J. Ecol. 58: 379–385.
• 52. Witek M. 1998 – Annual changes of abundance and biomass of planktonic ciliates in the Gdańsk Basin, Southern Baltic – Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 83: 163–182.
• 53. Zingel P. 2005 – Vertical and seasonal dynamics of planktonic ciliates in a strongly stratified hypertrophic lake – Hydrobiologia, 547: 163–174.
• 54. Zingel P., Agasild H., Nõges T., Kisand V. 2006 – Ciliates are the dominant grazers on pico- and nanoplankton in a shallow, naturally highly eutrophic lake – Microb. Ecol. 53: 134–142.
• 55. Zingel P., Huitu E., Mäkelä S., Arvola L. 2002 – The abundance and diversity of planktonic ciliates in 12 boreal lakes of varying trophic state – Arch. Hydrobiol. 155: 315–332.
• 56. Zingel P., Nõges T. 2010 – Seasonal and annual population dynamics of ciliates in a shallow eutrophic lake – Fundam. Appl. Limnol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 176: 133–143.
• 57. Żmudziński L., Dobrowolski Z., Labuda M., Paturej E., Trojanowska Cz. 1992 - Variability of the biocenosis of three Polish estuarine lakes (In: Proceedings of the Marine Biologists Symposium, Helsingør, Eds: E. Bjørnestad, L. Hagerman, K. Jensen) – Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, pp. 185–189.