Small powers as non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council: A case study of the Baltic states

• Autorzy: Gailišs Eduards

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.35467/sdq/172983

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The main objective of this paper is to identify how small powers can make a difference by taking up a role at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as non-permanent members. This research takes a closer look at the Baltic states, Lithuania and Estonia, and gives a perspective for Latvia too. This paper examines whether these states use strategies that have made other small powers successful at the Security Council. Most of the materials used were documents from foreign services and the UNSC, and the methods employed were qualitative document analysis and interview. Lithuania was successful at making resolutions and highlighted topics, such as small arms and protection of journalists, whereas Estonia was successful at agenda setting and highlighted cyber security and environment security. Small powers can successfully work at the UNSC by setting the agenda and working on resolutions. However, their time as part of the UNSC is limited and their abilities to solve military conflicts depend on the support of the great powers. The Baltic states used some strategies that other small powers have successfully used, although they lacked influence for mediation and coalition building.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

United Nations; Security Council; Baltic states; small powers

• Wydawca: Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
• Czasopismo: Security and Defence Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 45, No. 1
• Strony: 33--54
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 55 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Gailišs Eduards

• Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema street 16, 1007, Riga, Latvia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0301-796X

Bibliografia

• 1. Archer C., Bailes A., and Wivel A. (2014) ‘Setting the scene: small states and international security’, in Archer C. et al. (eds.) Small states and international security. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 5–9.
• 2. Bukovskis K. (2020) Latvijas intereses un iespējas Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas Drošības padomes nepastāvīgās dalībvalsts statusā (Latvia’s interests and opportunities as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council). Riga, Latvian Institute of International Affairs. Available at: https://.lai.lv/publikaci-jas/latvijas-intereses-un-iespejas-apvienoto-naciju-organizacijas-drosibas-padomes-nepastavigas-dalibval-8733 (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 3. Bull H. (2002) The anarchial society: A study in order in world politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
• 4. Buzan B. (2004) From international to world society? English school theory and the social structure of globalization. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• 5. Chowdhury I.A. (2012) Small states in UN system: Constraints, concerns, contributions and contributions. Berkeley, CA: Institute of South Asian Studies. Available at: https://.files.ethz.ch/isn/154305/ISAS_Working_Paper_No160Small_States_in_UN_System_24102012161034.pdf (Accessed: 10 August 2023).
• 6. Clark I. (2011) Hegemony in international society. Oxford, Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556267.001.0001.
• 7. Haugevik K., Kuusik P., Raik K., Schia N. (2021) Small states, different approaches Estonia and Norway on the UN Security Council. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for International Affairs. Available at: https://icds.ee/en/small-states-different-approaches-estonia-and-norway-on-the-un-security-council/ (Accessed: 11 August 2023).
• 8. Hey J. (Ed.) (2003) Small states in world Politics. Explaining foreign policy behaviour. London: Lynne Rinner. doi: 10.1515/9781685853372.
• 9. Kaufman B. and Mavris G. (2022) UN Security Council: How small states skillfully play their cards. Available at: https://.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/un-security-council--how-small-states-skillfully-play-their-cards-/47542344 (Accessed: 11 August 2023).
• 10. Keohane R. (2006) ‘Lilliputian’s dilemmas’, in Beyer J., Gostohl S., Ingebritsen C., Neumann I. (eds.) Small states in international relations. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 55–61. Available at: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.db.rsu.lv/lib/rsub-ebooks/reader.action?docID=3444375&query=Bey-er%252C%2BJessica.%2BSmall%2BStates%2Bin%2BInternational%2BRelations (Accessed: 27 October 2019).
• 11. Linklater A. and Suganami H. (2006) The English school of international relations: A contemporary reassessment. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511491528.
• 12. Maas M. (2017) Small states in world politics. The story of small state survival, 1648–2016. Manchester, Manchester University Press. doi: 10.7765/9781526108531.
• 13. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia (2021) Kāpēc Latvijai ir Svarīgi kļūt par ANO Drošības padomes dalībvalsti? Ārlietu Ministrija. Available at: .mfa.gov.lv/lv/kapec-latvijai-ir-svarigi-klut-par-ano-drosibas-padomes-dalibvalsti. (Accessed: 8 November 2022).
• 14. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania (2021) Lithuania at the UN Security Council, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Available at: https://.researchgate.net/publica-tion/320469390_Twiplomacy_the_meaning_of_social_media_to_public_diplomacy_and_foreign_policy_of_Lithuania (Accessed: 20 April 2023).
• 15. Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN (2020a) National statement at the VTC Arria on climate and security risks: The latest data – Estonia in UN. Available at: https://.un.mfa.ee/national-statement-at-the-arria-on-climate-and-security-risks-the-latest-data/ (Accessed: 4 November 2022).
• 16. Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN (2020b) Statement by Ambassador S. Jürgenson at UN Security Council Arria meeting on mandating peace: Enhancing the mediation sensitivity and effectiveness of the Security Council – Estonia in UN. Available at: https://.un.mfa.ee/statement-by-ambassador-s-jurgenson-at-un-security-council-arria-meeting-on-mandating-peace-enhancing-the-mediation-sensitivity-and-effectiveness-of-the-security-council/ (Accessed: 31 October 2022).
• 17. Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN (2020c) Statement by Ambassador S. Jürgenson at UN Security Council VTC debate humanitarian effects of environmental degradation and peace and security – Estonia in UN. Available at: https://.un.mfa.ee/statement-by-ambassador-s-jurgenson-at-un-security-council-vtc-debate-humanitarian-effects-of-environmental-degradation-and-peace-and-security/ (Accessed: 31 October 2022).
• 18. Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN (2020d) Statement by Minister of Environment, H.E Rene Kokk at UN Security Council high-level open debate on climate and security – Estonia in UN. Available at: https://.un.mfa.ee/statement-by-minister-of-environment-he-rene-kokk-at-un-security-council-high-level-open-debate-on-climate-and-security/ (Accessed: 31 October 2022).
• 19. Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN (2021a) Estonia raises media freedom in Belarus at the UN Security Council – Estonia in UN. Available at: https://.un.mfa.ee/estonia-raises-media-freedom-in-belarus-at-the-un-security-council/ (Accessed: 31 October 2022).
• 20. Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN (2021b) Estonia`s presidency in June 2021 – Estonia in UN. Available at: https://.un.mfa.ee/estonias-presidency-in-june-2021/ (Accessed: 4 November 2022).
• 21. Permanent Mission of Lithuania to the United Nations in New York (2014) Membership in the Security Council. Available at: https://.un.mfa.lt/missionny/en/lithuania-in-the-un/membership-in-the-security- council (Accessed: 4 November 2022).
• 22. PKC Latvia (2020) Latvijas Nacionālais attīstības plāns. Gadam. Pārresoru Koordinācijas Centrs. Available at: https://.pkc.gov.lv/sites/default/files/inline-files/NAP2027_apstiprin%C4%81ts%20Saeim%C4%81_1.pdf (Accessed: 12 August 2023).
• 23. Reire G. (2021) ‘Small states in the United Nations Security Council: Legal and conceptual aspects versus practical perspective’, Socrates, 3(21). doi: 10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.090-104
• 24. Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020) High-level meeting on the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe. Välisministeerium. Available at: https://.vm.ee/en/high-level-meeting-75th-anniversary-end-world-war-ii-europe (Accessed: 4 November 2022).
• 25. Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2021) Signature event of Estonia’s UNSC presidency: Cyber stability, conflict prevention and capacity building. Available at: https://.vm.ee/en/activities-objectives/estonia-united-nations/signature-event-estonias-unsc-presidency-cyber (Accessed: 19 January 2021).
• 26. Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2023) Estonia in the UN Security Council 2020–2021, Estonia in the UN Security Council 2020–2021. Välisministeerium. Available at: https://.vm.ee/en/interna-tional-relations-estonian-diaspora/estonia-united-nations/estonia-un-security-council-2020 (Accessed: 20 April 2023).
• 27. Security Council (2014a) S/PV.7116, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/PV.7116 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 28. Security Council (2014b) S/PV.7125, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/PV.7125 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 29. Security Council (2014c) S/PV.7129, United Nations. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/766866 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 30. Security Council (2014d) S/PV.7138, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FPV.7138&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 31. Security Council (2014e) S/PV.7180, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/PV.7180 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 32. Security Council (2014f) S/PV.7259, United Nations. Available at: https://.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/spv7259.php (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 33. Security Council (2014g) S/PV.7311, United Nations. Available at: https://.securitycouncilr eport.org/un-documents/document/spv7311.php (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 34. Security Council (2014h) S/RES/2145%20(2014), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2145%20(2014) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 35. Security Council (2015a) S/PV.7442, United Nations. Available at: https://.securitycouncilr eport.org/un-documents/document/spv7442.php (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 36. Security Council (2015b) S/PV.7447, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FPV.7447&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 37. Security Council (2015c) S/PV.7450, United Nations. Available at: https://.securitycouncilr eport.org/un-documents/document/spv7450.php (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 38. Security Council (2015d) S/PV.7466, United Nations. Available at: https://.securitycouncilr eport.org/un-documents/document/spv7466.php (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 39. Security Council (2015e) S/PV.7498, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FPV.7498&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 40. Security Council (2015f) S/RES/2225(2015), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2225(2015) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 41. Security Council (2020a) S/2020/374, United Nations. Available at: http://.undocs.org/en/S/2020/374 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 42. Security Council (2020b) S/2020/489, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/2020/489 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 43. Security Council (2020c) S/2020/805, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/2020/805 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 44. Security Council (2020d) S/2020/870, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/2020/870 (Accessed: 16 March 2023).
• 45. Security Council (2020e) S/PV.8726, United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/PV.8726 (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 46. Security Council (2020f) S/RES/2509(2020), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2509(2020)(Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 47. Security Council (2020g) S/RES/2513(2020), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2513(2020) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 48. Security Council (2020h) S/RES/2517(2020), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2517(2020) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 49. Security Council (2020i) S/RES/2525(2020), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/s/res/2525(2020) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 50. Security Council (2020j) S/RES/2529(2020), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2529(2020) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 51. Security Council (2020k) S/RES/2531(2020), United Nations. Available at: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2531(2020) (Accessed: 17 March 2023).
• 52. Súilleabháin A. (2014) Small states at the United Nations: Diverse perspectives, shared opportunities. New York, NY: International Peace Institute. Available at: https://.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_small_states_at_un.pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2023).
• 53. Thorhallsson B. (2012) ‘Small states in the UN security council. Means of influence?’, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 7, pp. 136–143 Available: http://uni.hi.is/baldurt/files/2012/08/Small-States-UN-Security-Council-by-Thorhallsson.pdf (Accessed: 10 August 2023).
• 54. United Nations (2015) Security Council extends mandate of United Nations mission in South Sudan until July 2016, deciding also to boost force, police levels. UN Press. Available at: https://.press.un.org/en/2015/ sc12161.doc.htm (Accessed: 5 November 2022).
• 55. Vital D. (2006) ‘The inequality of states’, in Beyer J., Gostohl S., Ingebritsen C., Neumann I. (eds.) Small states in international relations. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 77–81. Available at: https://ebook-central-proquest-com.db.rsu.lv/lib/rsub-ebooks/reader.action?docID=3444375&query=Beyer%252C%2BJes-sica.%2BSmall%2BStates%2Bin%2BInternational%2BRelations (Accessed: 28 October 2019).