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Echinoids are rare in the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior, where fewer than 60 unique occurrences are known to date, most of these represented by only a few tests or isolated spines. A notable exception is the Carthage coal field (Socorro County, New Mexico), where more than 200 specimens of Mecaster batnensis, previously referred to as Hemiaster jacksoni Maury, 1925, have been collected from the basal Bridge Creek Limestone Beds of the Tokay Tongue of the Mancos Shale. Prolific occurrences from the same beds are known from elsewhere in west-central and southwest New Mexico. Recorded originally from the Upper Cretaceous of Algeria, M. batnensis is a small- to medium-sized, irregular echinoid that is confined to the upper Cenomanian Euomphaloceras septemseriatum Zone in New Mexico. Measurements on 169 well-preserved specimens from two localities in New Mexico document a species that is, on average, 21.0 mm long, 19.8 mm wide, and 15.1 mm tall, yielding a width/length ratio of 0.94 and a height/length ratio of 0.72. Graphs plotting width against length and height against length are strongly linear. The Western Interior echinoid record spans the entire Late Cretaceous, although there are no records from rocks of Santonian age. Localities are spread from New Mexico on the south to Alberta on the north. Preserva-tion ranges from coarse internal molds in high-energy sandstones to original tests in low-energy limestones.
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Bibliogr. 55 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
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- Atarque Geologic Consulting, LLC, 411 Eaton Avenue, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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Bibliografia
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- 3. Cavigelli, J.-P. 2005. Report of an unusual Cody Shale fossil assemblage from Casper, Wyoming. Tate Conference Guidebook, 7-14.
- 4. Clark, W.B. 1891. A revision of the Cretaceous Echinoidea of North America. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, 10(87), 75-77.
- 5. Clark, W.C. 1915. The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States. Monograph of the United States Geological Survey, 54, 9-100.
- 6. Cobban, W.A. 1975. The Upper Cretaceous ammonite Calycoceras naviculare (Mantell) in Arizona. Plateau, 47, 10 9-112 .
- 7. Cobban, W.A. and Scott, G.R. 1973. Stratigraphy and ammonite fauna of the Graneros Shale and Greenhorn Limestone near Pueblo, Colorado. Professional Paper of the United States Geological Survey, 645, 1-108. [for 1972]
- 8. Cobban, W.A., Hook, S.C. and Kennedy, W.J. 1989. Upper Cretaceous rocks and ammonite faunas of southwestern New Mexico. Memoir of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, 45, 1-137.
- 9. Cooke, C.W. 1946. Comanche echinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 20, 193-237.
- 10. Cooke, C.W. 1953. American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. Professional Paper of the United States Geological Survey, 254-A, 1-44.
- 11. Coquand, H. 1862. Geologie et Paléontologie de la région sud de la Province de Constantine. Mémoire Société d’Emulation Provence, tome 2. Paris, 320 pp.
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- 14. Gill, J.R. and Cobban, W.A. 1966. The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. Professional Paper of the United States Geological Survey, 393-A, 69 pp.
- 15. Harper, E.M., Palmer, T.J. and Alphey, J.R. 1997. Evolutionary response by bivalves to changing Phanerozoic sea-water chemistry. Geological Magazine, 134, 403-407.
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- 18. Hook, S.C. and Cobban, W.A. 2015. The type section of the Upper Cretaceous Tokay Tongue of the Mancos Shale (new name), Carthage coal field, Socorro County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geology, 31, 27-46.
- 19. Hook, S.C., Molenaar, C.M. and Cobban, W.A. 1983. Stratigraphy and revision of upper Cenomanian to Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) rocks of west-central New Mexico. Circular of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, 185, 7-28.
- 20. Hook, S.C., Mack, G.H. and Cobban, W.A. 2012. Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of south-central New Mexico. In: Lucas, S.G., McLemore, V.T., Lueth, V.W., Spielmann, J.A. and Kraimer, K. (Eds), Geology of warm springs region. Guidebook of the New Mexico Geological Society, 63, 121-137.
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- 22. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 336 pp.
- 23. Kier, P.M. 1966. A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming. In: Gill, J.R. and Cobban, W.A., The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. Professional Paper of the United States Geological Survey, 393-A, A62-A65.
- 24. Kier, P.M. 1987. Class Echinoidea. In: Boardman, R.S., Cheetham, A.H. and Rowell, A.J. (Eds), Fossil invertebrates, pp. 596-611. Blackwell Scientific Publications; Palo Alto.
- 25. Kirkland, J.I. 1996. Paleontology of the Greenhorn Cyclothem (Cretaceous: late Cenomanian to middle Turonian) at Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 9, 1-131.
- 26. Koutsoukos, E.A.M. and Bengtson, P. 1993. Towards an integrated biostratigraphy of the upper Aptian-Maastrichtian of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Documents des Laboratoires de Geólogie Lyon, 125, 241-262.
- 27. Landman, N.H., Grier, J.C., Grier, J.W., Cochran, C.K. and Klofak, S.M. 2015. 3-D orientation and distribution of ammonites in a concretion from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of Montana. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 23 pp. [Published online.]
- 28. Larsen, K. 2011. Struggles and successes in the geological career of Carlotta Joaquina Maury. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 43, 147.
- 29. Leckie, R.M., Kirkland, J.I. and Elder, W.P. 1997. Stratigraphic framework and correlation of a principal reference of the Mancos Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Mesa Verde, Colorado. In: Anderson, O.J., Kues, B.S. and S.G. Lucas (Eds), Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. Guidebook of the New Mexico Geological Society, 48, 163-216.
- 30. Loriol, P. de. 1888. Matériaux pour l’étude stratigraphique et paléontologique de la Province d’Angola. Description des Echinides. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire naturelle de Géneve, 30, 97-114.
- 31. Love, J.D., Tourtelot, H.A., Johnson, C.O., Thompson, R.M., Sharkey, H.R. and Zapp, A.D. 1947. Stratigraphic sections of Mesozoic rocks in central Wyoming. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Wyoming, 38, 1-50.
- 32. Machalski, M. and Olszewski-Nejbert, D. 2016. A new mode of ammonite preservation - implications for dating condensed phosphorite deposits. Lethaia, 49, 61-72.
- 33. Maury, C.J. 1925. Fosseis terciarios do Brasil com descripção de novas formes cretaceas. Monographia de Serviço Geologico e Mineralogico, 4 (misdated 1924), 1-711. [In Portuguese and English. According to Bengtson (1983, p. 60) and verified by the present authors, 1925 is the correct publication date as shown on the front and back covers; it is not 1924 as shown on the title page]
- 34. Maury, C.J. 1930. O Cretaceo da Parahyba do Norte. Monographia de Serviço Geologico e Mineralogico, 8, 1-301. [In Portuguese and English]
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- 38. Oliveira, J., Manso, C.L.C., Andrade, E.J. and Souza-Lima, W. 2013. O gênero Mecaster (Echinodermata: Spatangoida) do Cretáceo Superior da Formção Jandaíra, Bacia Potiguar, Nordeste do Brasil. Scientia Plena, 9, 1-17.
- 39. Palmer, T.J. and Wilson, M.A. 2004. Calcite precipitation and dissolution of biogenic aragonite in shallow Ordovician seas. Lethaia, 37, 417-427.
- 40. Palmer, T.J., Hudson, J.D. and Wilson, M.A. 1988. Palaeoecological evidence for early aragonite dissolution in ancient calcite seas. Nature, 335, 809-810.
- 41. Reeside, J.B. Jr. 1957. Paleoecology of the Cretaceous seas of the Western Interior of the United States. In: Ladd, H.S. (Ed.), Paleoecology. Memoir of the Geological Society of America, 67, 505-542.
- 42. Roney, R.O. 2013. Paleobiogeographical variation of Cretaceous Mecaster batnensis and Mecaster fourneli (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Tennessee, 1-203. [http://trace.tennes-see.edu/utk_gradthes/2448].
- 43. Sandberg, P.A. 1983. An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature, 305, 19-22.
- 44. Santos, M.E.C.M. 1960. Equinóides cretácios do Rio Grande do Norte. Boletin da Ministério da Agricultura, Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral, Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, 189, 7-26. [In Portuguese; English summary]
- 45. Santos, M.E.C.M. and Cunha, F.L.S. 1959. Sôbre Hemiaster jacksoni Maury e outros equinóides do Cretácico brasileiro. Boletin da Ministério da Agricultura, Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral, Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, 186, 1–19. [In Portuguese; English summary]
- 46. Seeling, J. 1999. Palaeontology and biostratigraphy of the macroinvertebrate fauna of the Cenomanian–Turonian transition of the Sergipe Basin, northeastern Brazil – with systematic descriptions of bivalves and echinoids. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Ruprecht-Karls-Universtät Heidelberg, pp. 1–163.
- 47. Siemers, C.T. and King, N.R. 1974. Macroinvertebrate paleoecology of a transgressive marine sandstone, Cliff House Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous), Chaco Canyon, Northwestern New Mexico. In: Siemers, C.T., Woodward, L.A. and Callendar, J.F. (Eds), Ghost Ranch (Central Northern N. M.). Guidebook of the New Mexico Geological Society, 25, 267-271.
- 48. Smith, A.B. 1984. Echinoid palaeobiology [Special topics in palaeontology], 1-190. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.; London.
- 49. Smith, A.B. 1991. Taxonomic descriptions. In: Smith, A.B. and Bengtson, P., Cretaceous echinoids from northeastern Brazil. Fossils and Strata, 33, 44-88.
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- 51. Smith, J.H. 1961. A summary of stratigraphy and paleontology [of the] Upper Colorado and Montanan Groups [of ] south central Wyoming, northeastern Utah, and northwestern Colorado. In: Wiloth, G.J. (Ed.), Symposium on Late Cretaceous rocks. Guidebook of the Wyoming Geological Association, 16, 101-112.
- 52. Stanton, T.W. 1893 [1894]. The Colorado formation and its invertebrate fauna. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 106, 1-288.
- 53. Tabet, D.E, 1979. Geology of Jornada del Muerto coal field, Socorro County, New Mexico. Circular of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, 168, 20 pp.
- 54. Warren, P.S. 1926. A marine fauna in the Birch Lake Sandstone, Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, (3)20(4), 9-14.
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Bibliografia
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