Blockchain, Holochain, and Other Distributed Ledger Technologies: Web3 Awareness, Privacy Concerns, and Cryptocurrency Use Among Students in a Medical School

• Autorzy: Kıyak Yavuz Selim , Budakoğlu Işıl İrem , Coşkun Özlem

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0054.7084

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Aim: We aimed to reveal awareness of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) among clinical year students (fourth, fifth, and sixth years in undergraduate medical training) in a medical school. Methods: This was a descriptive study. The participants were clinical year medical students in a medical school. We developed an electronic survey form on blockchain, Holochain, and other DLTs. Self-perceived knowledge levels on DLTs and Web3 were solicited, as well as DLT-based cryptocurrency-related questions to understand their practical involvement. This approach was taken because, while DLTs are used in healthcare and education, their most common application is in cryptocurrencies. We reported descriptive statistics. Results: Total number of participants was 546. Of the students, 74.7% have never heard of blockchain, and 86.3% have never heard of Holochain. DLTs such as DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph), Hashgraph, and Tempo have never been heard of by over 90% of the students. 75.3% stated they are worried about the security and privacy of their data on the internet. 20.3% of the students stated that they have purchased a cryptocurrency at least once, 7.9% used a cryptocurrency wallet where they hold its private key, and 6.8% used a decentralized exchange. If there were an elective course on DLTs in the faculty, 54.8% of the students would be willing to take this course. Conclusions: DLT and Web3 awareness among medical students is low. However, there is an interest in taking an elective course on these technologies. In order to create awareness, medical schools could leverage this interest to learn more about Web3 solutions.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

blockchain; holochain; web3; distributed ledger technology; decentralization; medical education

• Wydawca: Uniwersytet Jagielloński - Collegium Medicum ; Index Copernicus Sp. z o.o.
• Czasopismo: Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 20, no. 1
• Strony: 15--21
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 35 poz., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Kıyak Yavuz Selim

• Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-3234

autor

Budakoğlu Işıl İrem

• Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-3234

autor

Coşkun Özlem

• Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-3234

Bibliografia

• 1. Masters K. Ethics in medical education digital scholarship: AMEE Guide No. 134. Med Teach. 2020;42:252-65.
• 2. Tiwari K, Kumar S, Khanna P, Kumar A. Blockchain-based transaction validation for patient interoperability in Healthcare 4.0. In: Tanwar S, editors. Blockchain Applications for Healthcare Informatics. Elsevier; 2022. p. 1-26.
• 3. O’Regan G. World Wide Web. In: O’Regan G, editors. The Innovation in Computing Companion. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 269-72.
• 4. Van Hijfte S. Ethereum. In: Van Hijfte S, editors. Blockchain Platforms. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 147-89.
• 5. McGee JB, Begg M. What medical educators need to know about “Web 2.0.” Medical Teacher. 2008;30:164-9.
• 6. Bruwer J, Rudman R. Web 3.0: Governance, Risks and Safeguards. JABR. 2015;31:1037.
• 7. Guraya S. The usage of social networking sites by medical students for educational purposes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. North Am J Med Sci. 2016;8:268.
• 8. Sandars J, Homer M, Pell G, Croker T. Web 2.0 and social software: the medical student way of e-learning. Medical Teacher. 2008;30:308-12.
• 9. Tam CWM, Eastwood A. Available, intuitive and free! Building e-learning modules using web 2.0 services. Medical Teacher. 2012;34:1078-80.
• 10. Rodrigues J, de la Torre I, Fernández G, López-Coronado M. Analysis of the Security and Privacy Requirements of Cloud-Based Electronic Health Records Systems. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e186.
• 11. Filippi PD, McCarthy S. Cloud Computing: Centralization and Data Sovereignty. EJLT. 2012;3:1-21.
• 12. Chohan UW. Web 3.0: The Future Architecture of the Internet? SSRN Journal. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4037693.
• 13. Natarajan H, Krause S, Gradstein H. Distributed Ledger Technology and Blockchain. Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2017.
• 14. Kuhn R, Yaga D, Voas J. Rethinking Distributed Ledger Technology. Computer. 2019;52:68-72.
• 15. Zia MF, Benbouzid M, Elbouchikhi E, Muyeen SM, Techato K, Guerrero JM. Microgrid Transactive Energy: Review, Architectures, Distributed Ledger Technologies, and Market Analysis. IEEE Access. 2020;8:19410-32.
• 16. Harris-Braun E, Luck N, Brock A [Internet]. Holochain-scalable agent centric distributed computing 2018 [cited 2021 Aug 12]. Available from: https://github.com/holochain/holochain-proto/blob/a0ad5b4a2c5aac257703dc5fba8cab0d2e4660d2/holochain.pdf.
• 17. Manski S. Distributed Ledger Technologies, Value Accounting, and the Self Sovereign Identity. Front Blockchain. 2020;3:29.
• 18. Kıyak YS, Poor A, Budakoğlu Iİ, Coşkun Ö. Holochain: a novel technology without scalability bottlenecks of blockchain for secure data exchange in health professions education. Discov Educ. 2022;1:13.
• 19. Park J. Promises and challenges of Blockchain in education. Smart Learn Environ. 2021;8:33.
• 20. Loukil F, Abed M, Boukadi K. Blockchain adoption in education: a systematic literature review. Educ Inf Technol. 2021;26:5779-97.
• 21. Funk E, Riddell J, Ankel F, Cabrera D. Blockchain Technology: A Data Framework to Improve Validity, Trust, and Accountability of Information Exchange in Health Professions Education. Acad Med. 2018;93:1791-4.
• 22. Radanovic I, Rkman D, Likic R. Awareness of blockchain technology: a survey among students of the Zagreb Medical School. Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society. 2018;WCP2018:PO1-10-5.
• 23. See C, Wong HYC, Fong LYW, Wong SYS, Wong CKM, Tsoi KKF. Developing a blockchain for healthcare curriculum for medical students. In: AMEE 2022 Conference e-Poster on Demand Abstract Book. Lyon, France; 2022. p. 510-1.
• 24. Hasselgren A, Kralevska K, Gligoroski D, Faxvaag A. Medical Students’ Perceptions of a Blockchain-Based Decentralized Work History and Credentials Portfolio: Qualitative Feasibility Study. JMIR Form Res. 2021;5:e33113.
• 25. Dang TMD, Dang NQ, Pham UTT, Phan HPT, Vo MQN. Students’ Perceptions of Cryptocurrency: A Case Study from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In: Nguyen ND, Hong PTT, editors. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Emerging Challenges: Smart Business and Digital Economy 2023 (ICECH 2023). Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV; 2023. p. 224-39.
• 26. Griewing S, Knitza J, Gremke N, Wallwiener M, Wagner U, Lingenfelder M, et al. Awareness and intention-to-use of digital health applications, artificial intelligence and blockchain technology in breast cancer care. Front Med. 2024;11:1380940.
• 27. Whipple EC, Allgood KL, Larue EM. Third-year medical students’ knowledge of privacy and security issues concerning mobile devices. Medical Teacher. 2012;34:e532-48.
• 28. Masters K. Ethical use of artificial intelligence in health professions education: AMEE Guide No.158. Med Teach. 2023;45:574-84.
• 29. Boztosun D, Keskin O. Türkiye de Kripto Para Birimlerinin Bilinirliği, Kullanımı ve Gelecek Beklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma (A Study on Awareness, Use and Future Expectations of Cryptocurrencies in Turkey). isarder. 2022;14:2354-67.
• 30. Xie J, Yu FR, Huang T, Xie R, Liu J, Liu Y. A Survey on the Scalability of Blockchain Systems. IEEE Network. 2019;33:166-73.
• 31. Mora C, Rollins RL, Taladay K, Kantar MB, Chock MK, Shimada M, et al. Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C. Nature Clim Change. 2018;8:931-3.
• 32. Kıyak YS. Blockchain and Holochain in Medical Education from Planetary Health and Climate Change Perspectives. Rev Esp Edu Med. 2023;4:79-85.
• 33. Alonso SLN, Jorge-Vázquez J, Rodríguez PA, Hernández BMS. Gender gap in the ownership and use of cryptocurrencies: Empirical evidence from Spain. JOItmC. 2023;9:100103.
• 34. Senkardes CG, Akadur O. A research on the factors affecting cryptocurrency investments within the gender context. Pressacademia. 2021;10:178-89.
• 35. Hoechenberger R, Hummel D, Seitz J. Do Women Shy Away from Cryptocurrency Investment? Cross-Country Evidence from Survey Data. In: Sharma N, Goje A, Chakrabarti A, Bruckstein AM, editors. Data Management, Analytics and Innovation. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. p. 69-76.