Nowa jakość konfliktów zbrojnych przełomu XX i XXI wieku

• Autorzy: Wysota B.

Warianty tytułu

EN

The new quality of armed conflicts at the turn of the 20th and 21st century

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

The end of the cold-war rivalry brought to the world on the one hand the end of many years'- animosities and conflicts, on the other hand, new challenges which began to come to light in the form of economic and social threats, weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, organized crime and international - but first of all, internal conflicts. The argument, that wars in the 21st century will be present, has just been proved. But the most important questions are what kind of wars will be waged, what will be their range, the character or actors. In spite of the fact that using force in international relations has become completely forbidden, and war declared illegal, which was confirmed in the United Nations Chart, in many bilateral agreements, multilateral treaties and different kinds of international declarations, these agreements expressions do not reflect the practice of present international relations. The assumption by states of liabilities for not using force has only limited the possibilities of using force. There are states which not only unceasingly present their readiness to use weapons, but also decide to use weapons. As the law scholars rightly notice, more and more often this has an internal character. Nowadays war has stopped being the reserved domain for world-powers. It is not waged between states, which does not obviously mean that such wars are not present, but it descended on a local level, and most often it is conducted today inside states. Most of today's wars are civil wars, where on the one hand, there fight armies subordinate to the government, and on the other hand, fight rebel forces. Today the main points of those wars are in particular: different size, sources and their mutual connections, they are easily transformed into an armed conflict and have a complicated arrangement of fighting powers. There appear difficulties in the identification of belligerents or their political aims, in addition, they are accompanied by the collapse of state institutions, and especially law enforcement bodies. The catalogue of reasons of present wars and conflicts is wide. And each reason becomes today a potential threat for the world peace. Acknowledging the listing made in the Institute of Research of International Conflicts in Heidelberg (Germany), there are about 230 of these threats of a different intensity degree. To most important from them include for example activities that tend to separate a part of the state territory and create an independent existence. Fighting nations refer to the realization of the right to the self-determination, what e.g. in the situation of Kashmir or the Basques State is today unattainable; the territorial claims have not become silent since the end of the Second World War. Only in Asia they are the basis of serious international crises; in the last decade there can be noticed the explosion of many conflicts that are caused by the combination of national and religious factors, or negative ethnic stereotypes. The objects of conflicts are also natural resources - to begin with these elementary ones, as water or soil, through those bringing a measurable, material income, as for example mineral resources. Recently because of North Korea, due to its possibilities of the irresponsible use of the weapons of mass destruction, the threat to the world peace has increased. For the last two decades, belligerents have not been observing universally recognized norms of the war law. In addition, at the same time the humanitarian situation in conflict areas has deteriorated. It especially refers to civilian population who more and more often becomes the only aim and victim of armed activities undertaken by armies or paramilitary groups. As the example of former Yugoslavia shows the international community more and more often will have to prevent these tragedies. Wars and armed conflicts have always existed and will be an inseparable element of international relations in the future. Their background, the area of appearance and the power of influence will be different.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

konflikty zbrojne; zimna wojna; prawa człowieka

EN

armed conflicts; cold war; human rights

• Wydawca: Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe AON
• Rocznik: 2005
• Tom: nr 4(61)
• Strony: 63--85
• Opis fizyczny: wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Wysota B.