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Spergula arvenis produces two types of seeds that differ in the absence (non papillate, NP) or presence (papillate, P) of papilla on the seed coat. Corn spurry inhabits cultivated soils and ruderal fields and usually encounters substantial variations in soil nutrients. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nitrate concentrations and temperature (10–30°C) on the germination of heteromorphic seeds. NP and P seeds were characterized by different nitrate optima, dormancy-breaking temperature and initial germination times. NP seeds germinated better and faster than P seeds. NP seeds germinated at all nitrate solutions and all temperatures. NP seeds responded to 5 mM nitrate concentration at 15, 20 and 30°C. In 25 and 50 mM KNO3 solution, the germination was relatively high and leveled out at a wider temperature range (15–30°C). The highest germination of NP seeds was at 25°C (25, 50 mM KNO3). NP seeds began to germinate on the second day of the germination test at 15–30°C (in 25 mM KNO3 solution) and at 20–30°C (in 50 mM KNO3 solution). The germination percentage of P seeds was lower than NP seeds under identical conditions. P seeds in water failed to sprout at any of the applied incubation temperatures. Seeds incubated in low and medium nitrate concentrations did not germinate or germinated weakly at all temperatures. Seed dormancy was released in solutions with high nitrate levels incubated at 10–25°C. The highest germination of P seeds was at 50 mM solution and at 15°C. Under these conditions, the P seeds germinated the most (reaching 43%), with the initial germination being observed on experimental day 3,7. P seeds had more requirements for germination than NP seeds. However, in 50 mM KNO3 solution the range of temperatures over which these seeds were able to germinate was the same regardless of seed type. Nevertheless, the percentage of NP germinants was still much higher. The different requirements for germination of NP and P seeds may result in the production of two offspring cohorts that differ in response to nitrate levels in the soil, population density and temperature conditions. Most likely, this germination strategy is an important mechanism of ecological adaptation that enables the survival of S. arvensis plants in an unpredictable environment.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
675--682
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 32 poz., il.
Twórcy
autor
- University of Warmia and Mazury, Department of Botany and Nature Protection Plac Łódzki 1, 10–718 Olsztyn, Poland
autor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Oczapowskiego 1A University of Warmia and Mazury, 10–957 Olsztyn, Poland
Bibliografia
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- 3. Bouwmeester H.J., Karssen C.M. 1989 – Environmental factors influencing the expression of dormancy patterns in weeds seeds – Ann. Bot. 63: 113–120.
- 4. Bouwmeester H.J., Karssen C.M. 1993a – The effect of environmental conditions on the annual dormancy pattern of seeds of Spergula arvensis – Can. J. Bot. 71: 64–73.
- 5. Bouwmeester H.J., Karssen C.M. 1993b – Annual changes in dormancy and germination in seeds of Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. – New Phytol. 124: 179–191.
- 6. Brändel M. 2005 – The effect of stratification temperatures on the level of dormancy in primary and secondary dormant seeds of two Carex species – Plant Ecol. 178: 163–169.
- 7. Derkx M.P.M., Karssen C.M. 1993 – Changing sensitivity to light and nitrate but not to gibberellins regulates seasonal dormancy patterns in Sisymbrium officinale seeds – Plant Cell Environ. 16: 469–479.
- 8. Egley G. 1995 – Seed germination in soil: dormancy cycles (In: Seed development and germination, Eds: J. Kigel, J. Galili) – Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 529–543.
- 9. Grubb P.J. 1977 – The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche – Biol. Rev. 52: 107–145.
- 10. Gutterman Y. 1996 – Environmental influences during seed maturation and storage affecting germinability in Spergularia diandra genotypes inhabiting the Negev Desert, Israel – J. Arid Environ. 34: 313–323.
- 11. Harper J.L. 1977 – Population biology of plants – Academic Press, London, 892 pp.
- 12. Hilhorst H.W.M. 1998 – The regulation of secondary dormancy. The membrane hypothesis revisited – Seed Sci. Res. 8: 77–90.
- 13. Imbert E. 2002 – Ecological consequences and ontogeny of seed heteromorphism – Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 5: 13–36.
- 14. Karssen C.M., Derkx M.P.M., Post B.J. 1988 – Study of seasonal variation in dormancy of Spergula arvensis L. seeds in a condensed annual temperature cycle – Weed Res. 28: 449–457.
- 15. Mandák B., Pyšek P. 2001 – The effects of light quality, nitrate concentration and presence of bracteoles on germination of different fruit types in the heterocarpous Atriplex sagittata – J. Ecol. 89: 149–158.
- 16. New J.K. 1958 – A population study of Spergula arvensis. I. Two clines and their significance – Ann Bot. 22: 457–477.
- 17. New J.K., Herriot J.C. 1981 – Moisture for germination as a factor affecting the distribution of the seed coat morphs of Spergula arvensis L. – Watsonia, 13: 323–324.
- 18. Pons T.L. 1989 – Breaking of seed dormancy by nitrate gaps as a gap detecting mechanism – Ann. Bot. 63: 139–143.
- 19. Riemens M.M., Scheepens P.C., van der Weide R.Y. 2004 – Dormancy, germination and emergence of weed seeds, with emphasis on the influence of light – Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen, 26 pp.
- 20. Ritter E., Starr M., Vesterdal L. 2005 – Losses of nitrate from gaps of different sizes in a managed beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests – Can. J. For. Res. 35: 308–319.
- 21. Robinson D. 1994 – The responses of plants to non–uniform supplies of nutrients – New Phytol. 127: 635–674.
- 22. Rossello J.A., Mayol M. 2002 – Seed germination and reproductive features of Lysimachia minoricensis (Primulaceae), a wild-extinct plant – Ann. Bot. 89: 559–562.
- 23. Schipper L.A., Dodd M.B., Pronger J., Mudge P.L., Upsdell M., Moss R.A. 2012 – Decadal changes in soil carbon and nitrogen under a range of irrigation and phosphorus fertilizer treatments – Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 77: 246–256.
- 24. Telenius A.P. Torstensson P. 1999 – Seed type and seed size variation in the heteromorphic saltmarsh annual Spergularia salina along the Coast of Sweden – Plant Biol. 1: 585–593.
- 25. Tischler W. 1965 – Agrarökologie – Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 499 pp.
- 26. Trivedi S., Tripathi R.S. 1982 – Growth and reproductive strategies of two annuals weeds as affected by soil nitrogen and density levels – New Phytol. 91: 489–500.
- 27. Vandelook F., van de Moer D., van Assche J.A. 2008 – Environmental signals for seed germination reflect habitat adaptations in four temperate Caryophyllaceae – Funct. Ecol. 22: 470–478.
- 28. Vleeshouwers L.M., Bouwmeester H.J. 2001 – A simulation model for seasonal changes in dormancy and germination of weed seeds – Seed Sci. Res. 11: 77–92.
- 29. Vleeshouwers L.M., Bouwmeester H.J., Karssen C.M. 1995 – Redefining seed dormancy: an attempt to integrate physiology and ecology – J. Ecol. 83: 1031–1037.
- 30. Wagner L.K. 1988 – Germination and seedling emergence in Spergula arvensis – Am. J. Bot. 75: 465–475.
- 31. Watkins M., Castlehouse H., Hannah M., Nash D.M. 2012 – Nitrogen and phosphorus changes in soil and soil water af¬ter cultivation – Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. doi: 10.1155/2012/157068.
- 32. Wehsarg O. 1961 – Chwasty polne [Crop weeds] – PWRiL, Warszawa, 335 pp. (in Polish).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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