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On the 350th anniversary of the publication of Selenographiaby Johannes Hevelius
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Abstrakty
W 1987 r. minęła 350. rocznica wydania Selenografii, najlepszego dzieła wybitnego polskiego astronoma, Jana Heweliusza (1611-1687). Selenografia przyniosła Heweliuszowi międzynarodową sławę i dzięki niej wszedł gdański uczony do grona najwybitniejszych astronomów na świecie1. Trudno odtworzyć najdawniejsze poglądy na temat Księżyca. Wszystko, co na ten temat napisano przed wynalezieniem teleskopu, to tylko przypuszczenia, jak np. Herodota (ok. 400-424 p.n.e.), że na Księżycu są góry i Anaksagorasa (500-ok. 420 p.n.e.), że Księżyc to druga Ziemia. Przez długi czas przypuszczano również, że Księżyc jest wielkim zwierciadłem, w którym odbijają się zarysy Ziemi. Pogląd taki głosił m.in. Plutarch (100 n.e.) w pracy Twarz Księżyca. Jedyną znaną mapę naszego satelity w okresie astronomii przedteleskopowej sporządził uczony angielski, William Gilbert (1540-1603). Opublikowano ją dopiero w 1651 r. w Amsterdamie w dziele De mundo nostro sublunari Philosophia Nova.
The article is devoted to Selenographia (Gdańsk [Danzig] 1647), the best work by theeminent Polish astronomer, Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687), which was published 350 years ago. Printed at the Gdansk publishing house of Andreas Huenefeldt (1581-1661), The work was the result of several years of observations made by Hevelius in his astronomical observatory in Gdansk.The major part of Selenographiais devoted to the description of the Moon, which begins in Chapter Six. The book was 563 pages in length, it contained 110 illustrations, of which 40 showed the Moon in its various phases, as well as three lunar maps, and in thisit surpassed all later scientific publications on the subject that appeared in the period of 150 years to follow. The illustrations made by Hevelius cover over 550 lunar spots which he observed by means of projection in a special room adapted for the purpose ("cameraobscura"). One of Hevelius's lasting achievements in the area of lunar research was to have developed a method for calculating the altitude of Lunar mountains on the basis of thelength of the shadows they threw; it was not until the end of the 18th century that a more precise method was developed by William Herschel. Hevelius was also the first astronomer to put forward the hypothesis of volcanic activity on the Moon and he also discovered the longitudinal librations of the Moon. Hevelius's Selenographia attracted much scientific interest from the very moment of its publication. He sent copies of the book as a gift to about one hundred scientists all over Europe. Among those who received the first copies of the work were the Polish King Władysław IV and French scientists. The first references to the book in scientific publications began appear as early as in 1649. Hevelius also received requests to supply optical instruments, following the publication of his Selenographia. The general acclaim with which the publication of the book was greeted earned him an international reputationamong scientists.
Słowa kluczowe
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Tom
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7--26
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 137 poz.
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- Gdańsk
Bibliografia
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Bibliografia
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