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The subject of research is car exhaust system piping made of chromium–nickel steel of grade AISI304L with a unique, complex shape that was obtained by hydroforming technology. The purpose of the research was to determine the relation between the microstructure features, surface condition, hardness and the stresses on the external surface as determined by the sin2ψ X-ray method. We found that the stresses were tensile and correlated with the steel hardness, i.e. they were greater where the hardness was higher. Moreover, longitudinal stresses showed a relationship with pipe wall thickness, while circumferential stresses did so only partially. According to our data, the greatest value of stress determined in the pipe amounted to 290 MPa, and was close to the yield point of the strain hardened 304L steel. As depicted via XRD and SEM examination, the pipe stress level and hardness were influenced by the transition γ→α’. Furthermore, in the region of higher stress and hardness, the amount of martensite was 10 vol.%. We also noted that the pipe’s outer surface when subjected to friction against the die shows lesser roughness compared to its inner surface upon exposure to water under pressure.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
648--658
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 32 poz., fot., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
autor
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Bibliografia
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- [2] Koç M (Ed.), Hydroforming for Advanced Manufacturing, Wood-head Publishing Limited, England, and CRC Press, USA, 2008.
- [3] Bell C, Corney J, Zuelli N, Savings D. A state of the art review of hydroforming technology. Its applications, research areas, history, and future in manufacturing. Int J Mater Form. 2019. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1228 9-019-01507 -1.
- [4] Koç M. An overall review of tube hydroforming (THF) technology. J Mater Process Tech. 2001;108:384–93. https ://doi.org/10.1016/S0924 -0136(00)00830 -X.
- [5] Lang LH, Wang ZR, Kang DC, Yuan SJ, Zhang SH, Danckert J, Nielsen KB. Hydroforming highlights: sheet hydroforming and tube hydroforming. J Mater Process Tech. 2004;151(1–3):165–77. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatp rotec .2004.04.032.
- [6] Kocańda A, Sadłowska H. Automotive component development by means of hydroforming. Archiv Civ Mech Eng. 2008;8(3):55–69. https ://doi.org/10.1016/S1644 -9665(12)60163 -0.
- [7] Alaswad A, Benyounis KY, Olabi AG. Tube hydroforming process: a reference guide. Mater Des. 2012;33:328–39. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.matde s.2011.07.052.
- [8] Tolazzi M. Hydroforming applications in automotive: a review. Int J Mater Form. 2010;3:307–10. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0768-2.
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- [11] Miłek T. The wall thickness distributions in longitudinal sections hydromechanically bulged axisymmetric components made from cooper cross joints. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng 2014;65:20–25. jamme.acmsse.h2.pl/vol65_1/6513.
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- [13] Morphy G. Pressure-sequence and high pressure hydroforming: Knowing the processes can mean boosting profits. Tube Pipe J September/October 1998 (thefabricator.com, February 2001).
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- [29] Kucharska B. Identification of surface stress in the exhaust system pipe made by hydroforming technology based on diffractometric measurements. Eksploat Niezawodn 2019;21(4): 562–566. https://doi.org/10.17531 /ein.2019.4.4.
- [30] Wyckoff RWG, Cubic closed packed ccp structure, Crystal Structures 1 (1963) 7–83, Crystallographic Open Database (COD) #90-900-8470.
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Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021)
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-b0ec23c8-2dc1-4890-8738-f2ba69aeeb8d