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Tytuł artykułu

Signal processing algorithms and target localisation methods for continuous-wave passive bistatic radar

Autorzy
Malanowski M.
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
PL
Algorytmy przetwarzania sygnałów i metody lokalizacji obiektów w bistatycznych radarach pasywnych z falą ciągłą
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
In this work, passive radar using existing commercial transmitters, such as radio, television, or cellular telephony base transceiver stations, as illuminators of opportunity is considered. The work encompasses all main processing steps in passive radar : digital beamforming, clutter filtering, correlation processing, bistatic target tracking, target localisation and Cartesian target tracking. A circular antenna array with digital beamforming is considered. An algorithm is proposed for optimisation of the beamforming coefficients to obtain a low sidelobe level and a narrow main beam. The problem of mutual coupling between array elements is also addressed, and a method for calibrating the array is proposed. The algorithms for coefficients optimisation and calibration are verified with real measurements. The classical procedure for target detection in passive radar based on correlation processing is derived. Extensions of processing are analysed, which allow the use of longer-than-typical integration times and detect highly manoeuvring targets without performance degradation. Two classes of clutter filtering algorithms are compared: iterative and block. In the case of the iterative methods, three classical filters, i.e. NLMS, RLS and LSL, are compared. In the case of the block methods, least squares matrix solution, block lattice filter and a modified block lattice filter, are compared. The analysis of different approaches involves an assessment of convergence rate, computational complexity and frequency selectivity. Target tracking in bistatic coordinates based on the linear Kalman filter is introduced.The influence of several parameters, such as integration time and/or probability of false alarm, on tracking performance in terms of accuracy of bistatic parameters estimation is analysed. A tracking example of a real target with accuracy analysis is presented. Two methods for target localisation in Cartesian coordinates from the bistatic measurements are proposed. The methods are derived on the basis of algorithms known for time-difference-of-arrival systems. The methods derived use closed-form equations. Equations for accuracy of the methods are derived and analysed. An example of target localisation based on real data is presented. The extended Kalman filter for tracking in Cartesian coordinates is introduced. Two updating schemes are considered: parallel and sequential. A two-stage tracking algorithm, which involves bistatic tracking and Cartesian tracking, is proposed. This approach allows the ghost-target phenomenon to be significantly reduced, and localisation accuracy to be increased. The experimental FM radio-based passive radar PaRaDe, developed at Warsaw University of Technology, is described. The hardware and software parts of the system are presented. Real examples of detection and tracking of targets are presented.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące radarów pasywnych, wykorzystujących sygnały niekooperujących nadajników, takich jak stacje radiowe i telewizyjne, czy stacje bazowe telefonii komórkowej. W pracy przedstawiono wszystkie główne etapy przetwarzania sygnałów w radarze pasywnym : cyfrowe formowanie wiązek, usuwanie clutteru, przetwarzanie korelacyjne, śledzenie bistatyczne, lokalizację obiektów i śledzenie kartezjańskie. W pracy rozważano kołowy szyk antenowy z cyfrowym formowaniem wiązek. Zaproponowano algorytm optymalizacji współczynników formowania wiązek, zapewniający niski poziom listków bocznych i wąską wiązkę główną charakterystyki. Przeanalizowano również problem sprzężeń między elementami szyku i zaproponowano metodę kalibracji szyku. Metody optymalizacji współczynników i kalibracji szyku zweryfikowano z wykorzystaniem pomiarów. Przedstawiono klasyczną procedurę detekcji stosowaną w radarach pasywnych opartą o korelację sygnałów. Przeanalizowano rozszerzenia klasycznego podejścia, które umożliwiły stosowanie dłuższych niż typowe czasów integracji oraz detekcję obiektów silnie manewrujących bez degradacji jakości przetwarzania. Porównano dwie klasy algorytmów służących do eleiminacji clutteru : iteracyjne i blokowe. W przypadku metod iteracyjnych porównano trzy klasyczne filtry : NLMS, RLS i LSL. W przypadku metod blokowych porównano macierzowe rozwiązanie zgodnie z kryterium najmniejszych kwadratów, blokowy filtr kratowy i zmodyfikowany blokowy filtr kratowy. Analiza była przeprowadzana pod kątem szybkości zbieżności, złożoności obliczeniowej i selektywności częstotliwościowej. Przedstawiono algorytm śledzenia obiektów we współrzędnych bistatycznych oparty na liniowym filtrze Kalmana. Przebadano wpływ różnych parametrów, takich jak czas integracji czy prawdopodobieństwo fałszywego alarmu na jakość śledzenia rozumianą jako dokładność estymacji bistatycznych parametrów obiektu. Przedstawiono przykład śledzenia obiektu rzeczywistego i przeprowadzono analizę dokładności śledzenia. Zaproponowano dwie metody lokalizacji obiektów we współczesnych kartezjańskich na podstawie pomiarów bistatycznych. Metody wyprowadzono na podstawie wyników znanych dla systemów wykorzystujących różnice czasów przyjścia (time difference of arrival). W otrzymanych metodach wykorzystywane są proste wzory o zamkniętej formie. Wyprowadzono i przeanalizowano wzory opisujące dokładność lokalizacji. Przedstawiono przykład lokalizacji obiektu na podstawie danych rzeczywistych. Do śledzenia obiektów we współrzędnych kartezjańskich zastosowano rozszerzony filtr Kalmana. Rozważono dwa rodzaje aktualizacji pomiarami odpowiadającymi różnym nadajnikom : równoległy i sekwencyjny. Zaproponowano dwu-etapowy algorytm śledzenia wykorzystujący śledzenie we współrzędnych bistatycznych i kartezjańskich. Takie rozwiązanie redukuje problem "obiektów-duchów" i zwiększa dokładność lokalizacji. Opisano eksperymentalny radar pasywny PaRaDe skonstruowany w Politechnice Warszawskiej wykorzystujący nadajniki radia FM. Przedstawiono część sprzętową i programową systemu. Zaprezentowano również wyniki pomiarów z wykorzystaniem systemu.
Słowa kluczowe
EN
PL
Wydawca
Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
Czasopismo
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektronika
Rocznik
2012
Tom
z. 179
Strony
5--142
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 151 poz., tab., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
Malanowski M.
  • Instytut Systemów Elektronicznych Politechnika Warszawska
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