Zastosowanie metod CLEAN do detekcji słabych ech radiolokacyjnych na tle silnych zakłóceń biernych

• Autorzy: Kulpa K.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Application of the CLEAN class methods for detecting weak radar signals in the presence of strong interference signals

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki wieloletnich badań autora nad zastosowaniem metod klasy CLEAN do wykrywania słabych użytecznych sygnałów radiolokacyjnych w obecności silnych niepożądanych sygnałów zakłócających. Cechą szczególną zaproponowanego podejścia jest odstąpienie od koncepcji filtracji dopasowanej, stosowanej obecnie powszechnie w technice radiolokacyjnej do wykrywania obiektów. Zastosowanie filtracji dopasowanej prowadzi bowiem do optymalnej detekcji ech radiolokacyjnych jedynie wówczas, gdy odebrane echa, pochodzące od różnych obiektów, nie nakładają się na siebie. W przypadku występowania wielu nakładających się na siebie ech, czasowe lub częstotliwościowe listki boczne, generowane na wyjściu filtru dopasowanego przez silne wejściowe echa zakłócające, mogą mieć znacznie wyższy poziom mocy, niż słabe echa pochodzące od obiektów użytecznych. W konsekwencji, obiekty o dużej odbiciowości mogą całkowicie zamaskować obiekty o malej odbiciowości, interesujące z punktu widzenia użytkownika radaru. W pracy pokazano, że zastosowanie metod klasy CLEAN, polegających - ogólnie rzecz biorąc - na adekwatnym modelowaniu ech obiektów o dużej odbiciowości i usunięciu modelowanych sygnałów z sygnału odebranego, redukuje w znacznym stopniu efekt maskowania i pozwala na skuteczne wykrywanie słabych ech na tle ech silnych (traktowanych w pracy jako zakłócenia bierne). Skonstruowane w tym celu przez autora modele ech, zarówno użytecznych, jak i zakłócających, były oparte na wnikliwej analizie fizycznej strony zjawiska odbicia fali elektromagnetycznej od różnego rodzaju obiektów radiolokacyjnych oraz analizie warunków propagacji tej fali w różnych sytuacjach środowiskowych. Zaproponowane podejście zilustrowano na przykładzie trzech zagadnień radiolokacyjnych będących w ostatnich latach przedmiotem intensywnych badań autora. Dotyczą one: (1) poprawy jakości obrazów uzyskiwanych w radarach SAR z syntetyczną aperturą, (2) wykrywania i identyfikacji helikopterów na podstawie charakterystycznych składowych echa helikoptera oraz (3) wykrywania słabych ech występujących na tle silnych sygnałów zakłócających przez radary szumowe i pasywne, zarówno m ono statyczne, jak multi statyczne. Wszystkie przedstawione w pracy metody i algorytmy zostały zweryfikowane zarówno w badaniach symulacyjnych z wykorzystaniem sygnałów syntetycznych, jak i w badaniach eksperymentalnych z wykorzystaniem rzeczywistych sygnałów zarejestrowanych za pomocą pracujących urządzeń radiolokacyjnych. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że zaproponowane metody umożliwiają znaczną poprawę dynamiki radaru oraz znaczące zwiększenie wiarygodności detekcji słabych ech użytecznych, a tym samym poprawę jakości pracy urządzeń radiolokacyjnych. Większość zaproponowanych w pracy algorytmów, w uproszczonych wersjach zaadaptowanych do wymogów pracy w czasie rzeczywistym, zostało zaimplementowanych i wdrożonych w radarach produkowanych przez krajowy przemysł radiolokacyjny.

EN

This book presents results of long-term research on application of the CLEAN class methods for detecting weak radar signals in the presence of strong interference signals. The uniqueness of the proposed approach lies in departure from the matched filtration generally in use to detect objects in the radar technique nowadays. Application of the matched filtration leads to optimum-detection of the radar echoes only when echoes which are received from different objects do not superimpose on each other. In case of many superimposed echoes, time or frequency side lobes, generated by strong interfering echoes on the matched filter output, can have considerably higher power level than weak echoes received from the objects of interest. Consequently, objects of high echo reflectivity can completely niask objects of Iow echo reflectivity, interesting for the radar's user. The presented results demonstrate that the application of CLEAN class methods - relying, in general, on adequate modeling echoes of high reflectivity objects, and on removal of modeled signals from the signal received - reduces significantly the mask effect. This allows efficient detection of weak signals in the presence of strong signals of the background scene (treated in the research as passive interferences). The echo models, constructed by the author for both functional and interfering signals, are based on a detailed study of physical aspects of the electromagnetic wave reflection from various types of radar objects, and on an analysis of conditions of this wave propagation in diverse environments. The proposed approach is illustrated with examples of three radar issues being subject of the author's intensive research over the recent years. They refer to the following topics: (1) improvement of quality of images received by the synthetic aperture (SAR) radars, (2) detection and identification of helicopters on the basis of their echo characteristics, and (3) detection of weak echoes occurring against a background of strong interfering signals, by noise and passive radars, both monostatic and multistatic. All methods and algorithms presented in this paper were verified by the application of synthetic signal simulation as well as experimental research utilizing real signals registered by radar devices. Research results show that the proposed methods facilitate considerable improvement of the radar dynamics and significant enlargement of reliability of detection of the weak radar signals, thus leading to improvement of radar device quality. Most of the proposed algorithms - after some simplifications required for real-time applications - were implemented and put into practice in the systems produced by the national radar industry.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

modelowanie sygnałów; detekcja; estymacja parametrów; identyfikacja; metody CLEAN; radary SAR; radary szumowe; radary pasywne

EN

modeling of signals; detection; parameter estimation; identification; CLEAN methods; SAR radars; noise radars; passive radars

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektronika
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: z. 164
• Strony: 1--158
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 175 poz., tab., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Kulpa K.

• Wydział Elektroniki i Technik Informacyjnych, Instytut Systemów Elektronicznych

Bibliografia

• [1] Akhtar S., Elshafei-Abmed M., Ahmed M.S., "Detection of helicopters using neural nets", Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on vol. 50, no. 3, June 2001, pp. 749-756.
• [2] Auslander L., Tolimieri R., "Characterizing the radar ambiguity functions", IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, Volume 30, Issue 6, Nov 1984, pp. 832-836.
• [3] Axelsson S.R.J., "Improved Clutter Suppression In Random Noise Radar", proc. URSI 2005 Commission F Symposium on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth, Oceans, Ice, and Atmosphere, Barza d'Ispra, Italy, 20-21 April 2005.
• [4] Axelsson S.R.J., "On the Theory of Noise Doppler Radar", Proc. IGARSS 2000, Honolulu, 24-28 July 2000, pp. 856-860.
• [5] Axelsson S.R.J, "Noise radar using random phase and frequency modulation", Proceedings of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003, IGARSS'03, Volume 7, Issue, Date: 21-25 July 2003, pp. 4226-4231.
• [6] Axelsson S.R.J., "Noise Radar for range/Doppler processing and digital beamforming using low-bit ADC", Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on Volume 41, Issue 12, Dec. 2003, pp. 2703-2720.
• [7] Axelsson S.R.J., "Suppressed ambiguity in range by phase-coded waveforms", Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2001, IGARSS'01, IEEE 2001 International, Volume 5, 9-13 July 2001, pp. 2006-2009, vol. 5.
• [8] Bachti A., "Practical Optimization Method", Springer, 2000.
• [9] Baker C.J., Griffiths H.D., Papoutsis I., "Passive coherent location radar systems. Part 2: Waveform properties", IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar & Navig., Vol. 152, No. 3, June 2005.
• [10] Barrie Billingsley J., "Low-Angle Radar Eand Clutter", SciTech Publishing; 2002, ISBN: 1891121162.
• [11] Barkat M., "Signal Detection And Estimation", Artech House Publisher 2005, ISBN: 1580530702.
• [12] Barton D.K., "Radars: Radar Clutter", Artech House Publishers 1975, ISBN: 0890060347.
• [13] Bell D.C., Narayanan R. M., "ISAR turntable experiments using a coherent ultrwide band random noise radar", in IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp. 1999, Orlando, July 1999, pp. 1768-1771.
• [14] Berizzi F., Dalie Mese E., Martorella M., "Performance analysis of a contrast-based ISAR autofocusing algorithm", Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference, Long Beach, CA., pp. 200-205, April 2002 r.
• [15] Bose R., Freedman A., Staiberg B., "Sequence CLEAN: A modified Deconvolution Technique for Microwave Images of Contiguous Targets", IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems Vol. 38, No l, Jan. 2002 pp 89-97.
• [16] Box G., Jenkins G.M., Gregory C., Reinsel G.C., "Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control", third edition. Prentice-Hall, 1994.
• [17] Bullard B.D., Dowdy P.C., "Pulse Doppler signature of a rotary-wing aircraft", Proc. IEEE International Radar Conf., Los Angeles, CA, US, March 12-13, 1991, pp. 160-163.
• [18] Byrnes J. (editor), Kulpa K., chapter: Continuous wave radars - monostatic, multistatic and network, in: Advances in Sensing with Security Applications (NATO Security through Science Series, Springer; 2006, ISBN: 1402042868.
• [19] Connan G., Griffiths H.D., Brennan P.V., "FMCW-SAR development for internal wave imaging", OCEANS'97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings, vol. l, no., pp. 73-78, 6-9 Oct 1997.
• [20] Carrara W.G., Goodman R.S., Majewski R.M., "Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar", Artech House, Inc. 1995 r.
• [21] Clark B.G., "An efficient implementation of the algorithm CLEAN", Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 89, no. 3, Sept. 1980, p. 377-378.
• [22] Clarke J., "Airborne Early Warning Radar", Proc. IEEE, vol. 73, pp. 312-324, February 1985.
• [23] Collot G., "Fixed/Rotary Wings Classification/Recognision", Proc. of the CIE International Conf. on Radar, Beijing, China, October 22-24, 1991, pp. 610-612.
• [24] Cook C.E. and M. Bernfield, "Radar Signals: An Introduction to Theory and Application", Academic Press, New York, 1967.
• [25] Cook C.E., Bernfeld M., "Radar Signals: An Introduction to Theory and Application", Artech House Publishers; 1993, ISBN: 0890067333.
• [26] Cooper G.R., McGillem C.D., "Random signal radar", School Electr. Eng., Purdue Univ., Final Report, TREE67-11, June 1967.
• [27] Craig S.E, Fishbein W., Rittenbach O.E., "Continuous-Wave Radar with High Range Resolution and Unambiguous Velocity Determination", IRE Trans. Mil Electronics, vol. MIL 6. No. 2. April 1962, pp. 153-161.
• [28] Curlander J.C., McDonough R.N., "Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems and Signal Processing", John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1991 r.
• [29] Cutrona L.J., W.E. Vivian, E.N. Leith and G.O. Hall, A High Resolution Radar Combat-Surveillance System, IRE Trans., vol. MIL-5, pp. 127-131, April 1961.
• [30] Czekala Z., Kulpa K., Misiurewicz J., "Practical Implementation and Performance of a Hovering Helicopter Detection System in a Search Radar", International Radar Symposium India 2005, 19-22 December 2005, Bangalore, India pp. 18-21.
• [31] Chernyak V.S., "Fundamentals of Multisite Radar Systems: Multistatic Radars and Multiradar Systems", CRC,1998, ISBN: 9056991655.
• [32] Daniels D.J., "Resolution of ultra wide-band radar signals", Proc. IEE Radar, Sonar Navigation., vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 189-194, Aug 1999.
• [33] Davis M.E., "Technical challenges in ultra wide-band radar development for target detection and terrain mapping", in Proc. IEEE 1999, Radar Conf., Boston, MA, April 1999, pp. 1-6.
• [34] Dawidowicz B., Gados A., Gorzelanczyk A., Jarzebska A., Kulpa K.S., Mordzonek M., Samczynski P., Smolarczyk M., "First Polish SAR trials", IEE Proc.-Radar, Sonar & Navig., Volume 153, Issue 2, 13 April 2006 Page(s):135-143, Digital Object Identifier 10.1049/ip-rsn:20045120.
• [35] Dickey F.R.Jr., "Theoretical Performance of Airborne Moving Target Indicators", IRE Trans., vol. PGAE-8, pp. 12-23, June 1953.
• [36] Dillinger M., Madani K., Alonistioti N., "Software defined radio", 2003, ISBN 0470851643.
• [37] Edrich M., "Ultra-lightweight synthetic aperture radar based on a 35 GHz FMCW sensor concept and online raw data transmission", Radar, Sonar and Navigation, IEE Proceedings, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 129-134, 13 April 2006.
• [38] Elshafei M., Akhtar S., Ahmed M.S., "Parametric models for helicopter identification using ANN", Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1242-1252, Oct 2000.
• [39] Ferguson J., James C, "Multi-variable curve interpolation", J. ACM, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 221-228, Apr. 1964.
• [40] Fliss G.G., Mensa D.L., "Instrumentation for RCS measurement of modulation Spectra of Aircraft Blades", Proc. IEEE International Radar Conference, 1989, pp 95-99.
• [41] Franceschetti G., Lanari R., "Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing", CRC LLC Press 1999.
• [42] Friedlander B., "Lattice filters for adaptive processing", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 70. No. 8, August 1982.
• [43] Gadoś A., Gorzelańczyk A., Jarzębska A., Mordzonek M., Samczyński R., Smolarczyk M., Kulpa K., Misiurewicz J., "Real-Time Unfocused SAR Processor for Airborne Maritime Patrol Radar", IRS 2006, International Radar Symposium, Warszawa, 2006, pp. 59-62.
• [44] Garmatyuk D., Narayanan R.M., "Ultrawide-band noise synthetic radar: Theory and experiment", in IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int.Symp. 1999, vol. 3, Orlando, FL, July 1999, pp. 1764-1767.
• [45] Garmatyuk D.S. and Narayanan R.M., "SAR imaging using acoherent ultrawideband random noise radar", in Radar Processing, Technology, ond Applications IV, (William I. Miceli, Editor), Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3810, pp. 223-230, Denver, CO, July 1999.
• [46] Garmatyuk D.S., Narayanan R.M., "SAR imaging using fully random bandlimited signals", Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2000, IEEE Volume 4, Issue, Date: 2000, pp. 1948-1951, vol. 4.
• [47] Gene Howard Golub, Charles F. Van Loan, "Matrix Computations", Johns Hopkins Studies in the Mathematical Sciences, third edition, 1996, ISBN 0-80185413-X.
• [48] Gray D.A., "Multi-channel Noise Radar", International Radar Symposium IRS-2006, Kraków, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 417-420.
• [49] Green H.E., "Electromagnetic backscattering from a helicopter rotor in the decametric wave band regime", IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 1994, no 42, pp. 344-354.
• [50] Greene C.A. and R.T. Moller, "The Effect of Normally Distributed, Random Phase Errors on Synthetic Array Gain Patterns", IRE Trans., vol. MIL-6, pp. 130-139, April 1962.
• [51] Griffiths H.D., "From a different perspective: principles, practice and potential of bistatic radar", Proc. International Conference RADAR 2003, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 1-7, 3-5 September 2003.
• [52] Griffiths H.D., Baker C.J., "Passive coherent location radar systems. Part l: Performance prediction", IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar & Navig., Vol. 152, No. 3, June 2005.
• [53] Griffiths H.D., Baker C.J., Baubert J., Kitchen N., Treagust M., "Bistatic radar using satellite-borne illuminators of opportunity", Proc. International Conference RADAR 2002, pp. 1-5, October 2002.
• [54] Griffiths H.D., Baker C.J., Ghaleb H., Ramakrishnan R., Willman E., "Measurement and analysis of ambiguity functions of off-air signals for passive coherent location", Electronics Letters, vol. 39 Issue: 13, 26 June 2003, pp. 1005-1007.
• [55] Grydeland T., Lind F.D., Erickson P.J. and Holt J.M., "Software radar signal processing", Ann. Geophys., 23, 2005.
• [56] Guner A., Temple M.A., Claypoole Jr R.L., "Direct-path filtering of DAB waveform from PCL receiver target channel", Electronics Letters, vol. 39, Issue: l, 9 Jan. 2003, pp. 118-119.
• [57] Hayes M.H., "Statistical digital signal processing and modeling", John Wiley&Sons, 1996.
• [58] Haykin S., "Adaptive Filter Theory", 3rd edition, New York, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1991.
• [59] Horton B.M., "Noise-modulated distance measurrig system", Proc. IRE, V0147, pp. 821-828, May 1959.
• [60] Howland P.E., "Target tracking using television-based bistatic radar", IEE Proc.-Radar, Sonar & Navig., Vol. 146, No. 3, June 1999.
• [61] Howland P.E., "A Passive Metric Radar Using the Transmitters of Opportunity", Int. Conf. on Radar, Paris, France, May 1994, pp. 251-256.
• [62] Howland P.E., Maksimiuk D. and Reitsma G., "FM radio based bistatic radar", Radar, Sonar and Navigation, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 152, Issue 3, 3 June 2005 pp. 107-15, Digital Object Identifier 10.1049/ip-rsn:20045077.
• [63] In-Sik Choi, Hyo-Tae Kim, "Two-dimensional evolutionary programming-based CLEAN" Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume 39, Issue l, Jan. 2003, pp. 373-382.
• [64] Jeffrey C. Lagarias, James A. Reeds, Margaret H. Wright, Paul E. Wright, "Convergence Properties of the Nelder-Mead Simplex Method in Low Dimensions", SIAM Journal of Optimization, 9(1): pp. 112-147, 1998.
• [65] Jiang Z.-H., Huang-Fu K., Wan J.-W., "A Chip Transform Algorithm for Processing Squint Mode FMCW SAR Data" Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 377-381, July 2007.
• [66] Kelly E.J., "The Radar Measurement of Range, Velocity and Acceleration", IRE Trans. Mil. Electron., 5 (2), 1961, pp. 51-57.
• [67] Kulpa K., "Adaptacyjne algorytmy śledzenia trajektorii obiektów", Mat. Krajowego Sympozjum Telekomunikacji 97, 10-12 wrz. 1997, Bydgoszcz, t. B, ss. 111-118.
• [68] Kulpa K., "Adaptive clutter rejection in bi-static CW radar", Proc. Int. Radar Symp. IRS-2004, Warszawa, Poland, May 2004, pp 61-66.
• [69] Kulpa K., "Algorytmy śledzenia w układzie R-FI", Mat. Sem. "Przetwarzanie sygnałów radiolokacyjnych", Rościszów, 1990, ss. E4.1.1-E4.7.
• [70] Kulpa K., "Filtracja kalmanowska z zastosowaniem detekcji manewru", Mat. XI Krajowej Konferencji Automatyki, Białystok, 1991, ss. 441-448.
• [71] Kulpa K., "Przetwarzanie sygnałów w radarach szumowych", VI Seminarium Stypendystów Fundacji Wspierania Radiokomunikacji i Technik Multimedialnych, 7 grudnia 2005, Warszawa.
• [72] Kulpa K., "Radary MIMO z falą ciągłą". II Konferencja Naukowo - Techniczna Urządzenia i Systemy Radioelektroniczne, UISR2007, Soczewka, 13-15 czerwca 2007 na CD.
• [73] Kulpa K., "Simple SAR demonstrator", Signal Processing Symposium SPS 2007, May 2007 Jachranka, Poland, on CD.
• [74] Kulpa K., "Simple sea clutter cancellation for noise radar", Proc. of International Radar Symposium 2006, Kraków, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 299-302.
• [75] Kulpa K., "Space-borne Noise SAR - Performance Study", Proceedings EU-SAR 2006, 6th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Dresden, Germany, 16-18 May 2006, on CD.
• [76] Kulpa K., "Space Noise Synthetic Aperture Radar", Proceedings of SPIE: Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Research and High Energy Physics Experiments, 2006, z. 6159, vol. IV. pp. 615911-1-615911-8.
• [77] Kulpa K., "Target Acceleration Estimation for Continuous Wave Noise Radar", International Radar Symposium 2005, 06-08 September 2005, Berlin, Germany, pp. 177-183.
• [78] Kulpa K., "The method of multi-dimensional Kalman filter decomposition", Proc. XIV-th Nat. Conf. Circuit Theory and Electronic Circuits, Waplewo 1991, pp. 453-158.
• [79] Kulpa K., "Trójwspółrzędne śledzenie obiektów manewrujących", Mat. Sem. Przetwarzanie Sygnałów Radiolokacyjnych, Rościszów, 1991, ss. B1.1-B1.8.
• [80] Kulpa K., "Trudno wykrywalne radary szumowe", Biuletyn WAT, 2006, z. 2, 2006, ss. 111-119.
• [81] Kulpa, K., Baranowski, P., Smolarczyk, M., Mordzonek, M., "COTS concept of radar data recording", Proc. German Radar Symp. 2002, Bonn, Germany, 3-5 September 2002, pp. 583-587.
• [82] Kulpa K., Centkowski G., Wojtkiewicz A., Klembowski W., "Adaptive tracking system", Proc. CIE Int. Conf. on Radar CICR'91, Beijing, China, 1991, pp. 632-635.
• [83] Kulpa K.S., Czekała Z., "Ground Clutter Suppression in Noise Radar", Proc. Int. Conf. RADAR 2004, 18-22 october 2004, Tuluse, France, pp. 236.
• [84] Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Long-Range Performance Increase in Passive PCL Radar", 3rd Multinational Conference on Passive and Covert Radar, 2003 (PCR-2003), University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, 21-23 October, 2003
• [85] Kulpa K.S.; Czekała Z., "Masking effect and its removal in PCL radar", Radar, Sonar and Navigation, IEE Proceedings - Volume 152, Issue 3, 3 June 2005, pp. 174-178, Digital Object Identifier 10.1049/ip-rsn:20045026.
• [86] Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Short Distance Clutter Masking Effects in Noise Radars", J. Applied Radio Electronics, Vol 4., No 1., Kharkow, Ukraine, 2005, pp. 96-98 ISSN 1727-1290.
• [87] Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Problem wykrywania helikoptera", Mat. Sem. Przetwarzanie sygnałów radiolokacyjnych, Rościszów, 1993, ss. 122-128.
• [88] Kulpa K., Czekała Z., Misiurewicz J., Falkiewicz J., "Parametric Detection of the Helicopter Hub Echo". Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Radar Conference, pp. 262-266, Waltham, Massachusetts.
• [89] Kulpa K. S., Czekała Z., Smolarczyk M., "Long-Integration-Time Noise Surveillance Radar", First International Workshop On The Noise Radar Technology NRTW-2002, September 18-20, 2002, pp. 238-243.
• [90] Kulpa K., Gorzelanczyk A., Smolarczyk M., "Radar Signal Generator And Its Usage For SAR Algorithm" Tests, MIKON 2002, XIV International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications, Poland, Gdańsk, May 20-22, 2002.
• [91] Kulpa K., Linczuk M., Gąbka A., Sowul A., "Sposób i urządzenie do wykrywania, lokalizacji i identyfikacji obiektów wytwarzających sygnał akustyczny, zwłaszcza helikopterów", Zgłoszenie patentowe nr. 367370 dn. 2004-04-19.
• [92] Kulpa K., Malanowski M., "Simple COTS PCL Demonstrator", 5th Multi-National Passive Covert Radar Conference, 13-15 November 2007, the Defence Academy, Shrivenham, UK, on CD.
• [93] Kulpa K., Malanowski M., Gajo Z., "Ground Clutter Cancellation in MIMO and Multistatic Noise Radars", The IET International conference on radar systems RADAR 2007, 15-18 October 2007, Edynburg, UK, on CD.
• [94] Kulpa K., Misiurewicz J., "Stretch Processing for Long Integration Time Passive Covert Radar", Proceedings of 2006 CTE International Conference on Radar, Shanghai, China, 2006, IEEE Catalog Number: 06TH8857C, pp. 496-499.
• [95] Kulpa K., Misiurewicz J., Samczynski P., Smolarczyk M., Mordzonek M., "SAR Image Enhancement by Dominant Scatterer Removal", The IET International conference on radar systems RADAR 2007, 15-18 October 2007, Edynburg, UK, CD only.
• [96] Kulpa K., Nałęcz M., Misiurewicz J., "Selected problems of 3-D target tracking", Proc. XXIII Int. Conf. on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communication, MIKON-2000, Wrocław, Poland, May 2000, v. 2, pp. 630-633.
• [97] Kulpa K., Pietrzyk G., Samczynski R., Dawidowicz B., "The use of autofocus SAR algorithm in platform velocity estimation", Proc. Int. Radar Symp. 2004, Warsaw, Poland, 19-21 May 2004, pp. 161-164.
• [98] Kulpa K., Purchla M., Malanowski M., "Real-time Unfocused SAR Algorithm with Motion Compensation", International Radar Symposium, Drezden, Germany 2003 r.
• [99] Kulpa K., Smolarczyk M., Gorzelanczyk A., "Radar signal generator and its usage for SAR algorithms test", Proc. XIV Int. Conf. Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications - MIKON 2002, Gdansk, Poland, 20-22 May 2002, vol. III, pp. 749-752.
• [100] Kuschel H., "Target classification and EM-compatibility in VHF/UHF radars", Radar 97 Conf. Publ. No. 449, vol., no., pp. 624-628, 14-16 Oct 1997.
• [101] Lai Chieh-Ping, Ruan Qing, Narayanan Ram M., "Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) Analysis of Human Activities Using Through-Wall Noise Radar", Signals, Systems and Electronics, 2007, ISSSE'07, International Symposium on vol., no., pp.115-118, July 30 2007-Aug. 2 2007.
• [102] Lanterman A.D., Munson D.C. Jr., "Deconvolution techniques for passive radar imaging", Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 4727, 166 (2002).
• [103] Liu Guosui, Gu Hong, Su Weknin, "Development of random signal radars", Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 35, Issue: 3, July 1999, pp. 770-777.
• [104] Lukin K.A., "Ground Based Noise-Waveform-SAR for Monitoring of Chernobyl Sarcophagus", Proc. of IRS 2005, Berlin, 6-8 Sept. 2005, pp. 655-659.
• [105] Lukin K. "Noise-Waveform-SAR and Differential Interferometry for Detection of Structural Changes in Chernobyl", EUSAR 2006, 6th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Dresden, Germany, 16-18 May 2006 (CD only).
• [106] Lukin K., "Noise Radar Technology: The principles and short overview", Applied Radio Electronics, V. 4, #1, pp. 4-11.
• [107] Lukin K., "Radar System Design Using Chaotic and Noise Waveform", IRS 2006, International Radar Symposium, Warszawa, 2006, On CD pp.
• [108] Lukin K., "Radar Design Using Noise/Random Waveforms", International Radar Symposium 2006, Kraków, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 355-358.
• [109] Lukin K.A., "The Principles of Noise Radar Technology", The First International Workshop on the Noise Radar Technology, 18-22 September, 2002, Crimea, pp. 13-22.
• [110] Lukin K., Mogyla A., "Static Nonswitchable Antenna Array for Ground-Based Noise Waveform SAR: a Novel Concept for SAR Imaging", International Radar Symposium 2006, Krakow, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 469-472.
• [111] Lukin K., Vyplavin P., Kolchigin N., "Noise Waveform SAR Imaging in Antenna Near Zone", International Radar Symposium 2006, Kraków, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 303-306.
• [112] Misiurewicz J., Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Analysis of Radar Echo from a Helicopter Rotor Hub", Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Microwaves and Radar MIKON-1998, vol. III, pp. 866-870, Krakow.
• [113] Misiurewicz J., Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Analysis of Recorded Helicopter Echo", Proceedings of the International Conference RADAR 97, pp. 449-453, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• [114] Misiurewicz J., Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Multichannel Detection of the Helicopter Echo", Proceedings of the International Radar Symposium, 1998, vol. II, pp. 829-838, Munich, Germany.
• [115] Misiurewicz J., Nałęcz M., Kulpa K., Czekała Z., "Experiments with Helicopter Detection in Surveillance Radar", German Radar Symposium GRS 2002, BONN.
• [116] Misiurewicz J., Kulpa K., Dawidowicz B. "Radar pasywny z długim czasem integracji", II Konferencja Naukowo - Techniczna Urządzenia i Systemy Radioelektroniczne, UISR 2007, Soczewka, 13-15 czerwca 2007, na CD.
• [117] Mitola J., "The software radio architecture", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 33, pp. 26-38, May 1995.
• [118] Malanowski M.: "Comparison of Adaptive Methods for Clutter Removal in PCL Radar", Proc. of International Radar Symposium 2006, Krakow, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 237-240.
• [119] Malanowski M., Kulpa K., Misiurewicz J., Purchla M., "Silent Police Radar", Proc. of 3rd International Workshop on Inteligent Transportation, WIT-2006, Hamburg, 14-15 March 2006, Germany, pp. 117-122.
• [120] McDonough R.N, Whalen A.D., "Detection of Signals in Noise", Academic Press; 2 edition, 1995, ISBN: 0127448527.
• [121] Meta A., Hoogeboom P., "Development of signal processing algorithms for high resolution airborne millimeter wave FMCW SAR", Radar Conference, 2005 IEEE International, vol., no., pp. 326-331, 9-12 May 2005.
• [122] Meyer M., Sahr J.D., "Passive coherent radar scatter interferometer implementation, observations and analysis", Radio Science Vol. 39, RS3008, doi: 0.1029/2003RS002985, May 2004.
• [123] Mogila A.A., Lukin K.A., Kovalenko N.P., Kovalenko R.P. "Ka-band noise SAR simulation", Physics and Engineering of Millimeter and Sub-Millimeter Waves, 2001, The Fourth International Kharkov Symposium on Volume l, 4-9 June 2001, pp. 441-443 vol. 1.
• [124] Morabito A.N., Meyer M.G., Sahr J.D., "Improved computational performance for distributed passive radar processing through channelised data", IEE Proc.-Radar, Sonar & Navig., Volume 152, Issue 3, 3 June 2005, pp. 179-184, Digital Object Identifier 10.1049/ip-rsn:20045025.
• [125] Morrison K., "Recovery of Badly Motion-Degraded SAR Imagery by the use of Frequency-Randomized Waveforms", Proceedings of IEEE 2004 RADAR Conference, Philadelphia, pp. 59-65.
• [126] Morrison K., "The Use of Frequency-Randomised Waveforms with Intelligent Processing for UAV SAR Imaging", International Radar Symposium IRS-2006, Krakow, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 363-366.
• [127] Munson D.C., Arikan O., "Interpolation and the chirp transform: DSP meets optics", IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'99, Volume 4, 15-19 March 1999, pp. 2099-2102, vol. 4, Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ICASSP.1999.758347.
• [128] Nałęcz M., Kulpa K., "Range and azimuth estimation using raw data in DSP-based radar system", Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Microwayes and Radar MIKON-98, Krakow, Poland, May 20-22, 1998, v. 3, pp. 871-875.
• [129] Nałęcz M., Kulpa K., Piątek A., Wojdołowicz G., "Scalable hardware and software architecture for radar signal processing system", Radar 97 (Conf. Publ. No. 449), vol., no., pp. 720-724, 14-16 Oct 1997.
• [130] Naryanan R.M. et al., "Design and performance of a polarimetric random noise radar for detection of shallow buried targets", in Proc. SPIE Meeting on Detection Techn. Mines, Orlando, April 1995, vol. 2496, pp. 20-30.
• [131] Narayanan R.M., Dawood M., "Doppler estimation using a coherent ultra-wide-band random noise radar", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 48, pp. 868-878, June 2000.
• [132] Narayanan R.M, Xu Y., Hoffmeyer P.D., Curtis J.O., "Design, performance and applications of a coherent ultra wide-band random noise radar", Opt. Eng., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1855-1869, June 1998.
• [133] Nelander A., "Inverse Filtering for Noise Radar Processing", International Radar Symposium 2006, Krakow, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 421-124.
• [134] Nelander A., "Processing for continuous radar waveforms", Proc. First International Waveform Diversity and Design Conference, Edinburgh, UK, 8-10 November 2004, CD poster session 2-9.
• [135] Nordwall B.D., "Silent Sentry' A New Type of Radar", Aviation Week & Space Technology, no 30, 1998, pp. 70-71.
• [136] Oliver C.C., Quegan S., "Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images", Artech House, 1998.
• [137] Openheim A.V., Schafer R.W., "Digital Signal Processing", Prentice Hall 1977, ISBN: 0132146355.
• [138] Pace P.E., "Advanced Techniques for Digital Receivers", Artech House, 2000, ISBN 1-58053-053-2.
• [139] Perkins L.C., H.B. Smith and D.H. Mooney, "The Development of Airborne Pulse Doppler Radar", IEEE Trans., vol. AES-20, pp. 290-303, May 1984.
• [140] Pouliguen R., Damiens J.F., Moulinet R., "Radar signatures of helicopter rotors in great bistatism", Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2003, IEEE, vol. 3, no., pp. 536-539, vol. 3, 22-27 June 2003.
• [141] Purchla M., Malanowski M., "Simple motion compensation algorithm for Unfocused Synthetic Aperture Radar", XII Wilga Symposium IEEE-SPIE, Wilga 2003 r.
• [142] Rendas M.J.D., Moura J.M.F, "Ambiguity in Radar and Sonar", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 46, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1998, pp. 294-305.
• [143] Rotander C.E., Von Sydow H., "Classification of helicopters by the L/N-quotient", Radar 97 Conf. Publ. No. 449, pp. 629-633, 14-16 Oct. 1997.
• [144] Sachs J., Kmec M., Herrmann R., Peyerl R., Rauschenbach P., "An Ultra-Wideband Pseudo-Noise Radar Family integrated in SiGe:C", International Radar Symposium 2006, Krakow, Poland, 24-26 May 2006, pp. 429-432.
• [145] Sahr J.D., Lind F.D., "The Manastash Ridge Radar: a passive bistatic radar for upper atmospheric radio science", Radio Sci., 1997, 32, (6), pp. 2345-2358.
• [146] Samczyński P., Kulpa K., "Concept of the Coherent Autofocus Map-Drift Technique", IRS 2006, International Radar Symposium, Warszawa, 2006, pp. 63-66.
• [147] Samczyński P., Pietrzyk G., Kulpa K., "Simple method for estimating along track acceleration using autofocus map drift algorithm", Proc. Int. Radar Symp., 2005, Berlin, Germany, 6-8 September 2005, pp. 43-47.
• [148] Sang-Ho Yoon, Byungwook Kim, Young-Soo Kim, "Helicopter classification using time-frequency analysis", Electronics Letters, vol. 36, no. 22, pp. 1871-1872, 26 Oct. 2000.
• [149] Segalovitz A., Frieden B.D., "A 'CLEAN'-type deconvolution algorithm", Astron. Astrophys., vol. 70, pp. 335-343, 1978.
• [150] Schlerer D.C. (ed.): "MTI Radar", Artech House, Inc., Norwood, Mass., 1978.
• [151] Schwarz U.J., "Mathematical-statistical Description of the Iterative Beam Removing Technique (Method CLEAN)", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 65, p. 345(1978).
• [152] Sherwin C.W., Ruina R, Rawcliffe R.D.: "Some Early Developments in Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems", IRE Trans., vol. MIL-6, pp. 111-115, April 1962.
• [153] Skolnik M.I., "Introduction to Radar Systems", New York, McGraw-Hill; 3rd edition, January 2001, ISBN: 007288138-0
• [154] Skolnik M.I., "Radar Handbook", New York, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2nd edition, January 1990, ISBN: 007057913X.
• [155] Smolarczyk M., "Radar simulator for SAR algorithms test". Proc. Int. Radar Symp. 2003, Dresden, Germany, 30 September-2 October 2003, pp. 509-515.
• [156] Soumekh M., "Reconnaissance with ultra wideband UHF synthetic aperture radar", IEEE Signal Proc. Mag.. Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 21-40, July 1995.
• [157] Steer D.G., Dewdney P.E., Ito M.R., "Enhancements to the deconvolution algorithm 'CLEAN'", Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 137, no. 2, Aug. 1984, pp. 159-165.
• [158] Stein S., "Algorithms for ambiguity function processing", Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 588-599, Jun 1981.
• [159] Takaba K., "Projection method for solving a singular system of linear equations and its applications", Numeriche Mathematik, vol. 17, pp. 203-214, 1971.
• [160] Tang Ziyue, Wang Yongliang, Wu Zhiwen, "STAP scheme to detection of hovering helicopter", Signal Processing Proceedings, 2000, WCCC-ICSP 2000, 5th International Conference on vol. 3, no., pp. 1921-1924 vol. 3, 2000.
• [161] Tarchi D., Leva D., Lukin K.A., Mogyla A.A., Nesti G., Sieber A.J., "Short range imaging applications of noise radar technology", Proc. of EUSAR 2000, Munich, Germany, 23-24, May 2000, pp. 361-364.
• [162] Theron I.P. et al., "Ultra-Band Noise Radar in the VHF/UHF Band", IEEE AP-47, June 1999, pp. 1080-1084.
• [163] Tikkinen J.M., Helander E.E., Visa A., "Joint utilization of incoherently and coherently integrated radar signal in helicopter categorization", Radar Conference, 2005 IEEE International, vol., no., pp. 540-545, 9-12 May 2005.
• [164] Tsao J., Steinberg B.D, "Reduction of sidelobe and speckle artifacts in microwave imaging: The CLEAN technique", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 36, pp. 543-556, April 1988.
• [165] Vyplavin P., Mogyla A., Lukin K., "Ka-band Bistatic Ground-Based SAR Using Noise Signals", Signal Processing Symposium SPS 2007, May 2007 Jachranka, Poland, on CD.
• [166] Wang Jun, Zhang Shouhong, Bao Zheng, "On motion compensation for weak radar reflected signal detection", Signal Processing, 2002, 6th International Conference on Volume 2, Date: 26-30 Aug. 2002, pp. 1445-1448 vol. 2.
• [167] Wehner D.R., "High Resolution Radar", Second Edition, Artech House, Inc. 1995.
• [168] Willis N.J., "Bistatic Radar", Artech House, 1991.
• [169] Wojtkiewicz A., Nałęcz M., Kulpa K., Klembowski W., "Use of Polynomial Phase Modeling to FMCW Radar. Part C: Estimation of Target Acceleration in FMCW Radars", NATO Research and Technology Agency, Sensors & Electronics Technology Symposium on Passive and LPI (Low Probability of Intercept) Radio Frequency Sensors, Warsaw, Poland, April 23-25, 2001, paper #40C.
• [170] Xiaobin Feng, Jin Yan, Peikang Huang, Zhihe Xiao, "Detection of hovering helicopter", Signal Processing, 2002, 6th International Conference on vol. 2, no., pp. 1449-1452 vol. 2, 26-30 Aug. 2002.
• [171] Xiaojian Xu, Narayanan R.M., "FOPEN SAR imaging using UWB step-frequency and random noise waveforms", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Volume 37, Issue 4, Oct. 2001, pp. 1287-1300.
• [172] Xu Y., Narayanan R.M., Xu X., Curtis J.O., "Polarimetric processing of coherent random noise radar data for buried object detection", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 467-478, Mar. 2001.
• [173] Zhiqun Yang, Jinlin Ni, Guosui Liu, "Delay compensation of stretching signal in OTHR", Signal Processing, 2002, 6th International Conference on Volume 2, vol. 2 , Date: 26-30 Aug. 2002, pp. 1461-1464.
• [174] Zoeller C.L., Budge M.C., Moody M.L.Jr, "Passive coherent location radar demonstration", Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory 2002, 18-19 March 2002, pp. 358 - 362.
• [175] Zong Guoming, Yang Ruiming, "New method for identifying armed helicopters", Radar, 1996, Proceedings, CIE International Conference of vol., no., 8-10 Oct. 1996, pp. 139-142.