Wielkopowierzchniowe detektory śladowe w eksperymentach fizyki wysokich energii

• Autorzy: Marzec J.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Large area trackers in HEP experiments

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Praca poświęcona jest proporcjonalnym komorom dryfowym stosowanym w eksperymentach fizyki wysokiej energii jako wielkopowierzchniowe detektory śladowe o wysokiej pozycyjnej zdolności rozdzielczej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na komory słomkowe, będące obecnie najczęściej budowanym rodzajem komór dryfowych. Przeanalizowano działanie komór dryfowych i współpracującej z nimi elektroniki pod kątem możliwości uzyskiwania dużej pozycyjnej zdolności rozdzielczej. Analiza jest ilustrowana przykładami rozwiązań zastosowanych w komorach słomkowych, zrealizowanych na potrzeby eksperymentu COMPASS (CERN). Pozycyjna zdolność rozdzielcza komory proporcjonalnej jest uwarunkowana czynnikami natury mechanicznej (precyzja wykonania i pozycjonowania elementów komory), fluktuacjami towarzyszącymi przekazywaniu energii cząstki gazowi wypełniającemu komorę i fluktuacjami związanymi z procesem wzmacniania sygnału (powielaniem elektronów w gazie i wzmacnianiem sygnału w układach elektronicznych). Często zależy także od czynników związanych z aktualnymi warunkami pracy - od zakłóceń i tzw. efektów częstościowych. Wpływ wszystkich tych czynników został w pracy omówiony, a szczegółowej analizie zostały poddane czynniki, na które może mieć wpływ projektant komory i elektroniki detektorowej (ang. Front-End Electronics). Równolegle z omawianiem kolejnych mechanizmów pogarszających pozycyjną zdolność rozdzielczą prezentowane są założenia modelu Monte-Carlo symulującego słomkową komorę dryfową. Model ten, po jego weryfikacji eksperymentalnej, stał się narzędziem pozwalającym badać wagę wpływu poszczególnych czynników na rozdzielczość komory. Praca prezentuje rezultaty tych badań, prowadzących do konkluzji, że projektant elektroniki detektorowej ma wpływ na poprawę rozdzielczości głównie przez zapewnienie niskiego poziomu szumów i zakłóceń oraz krótkiego czasu narastania odpowiedzi impulsowej układów wzmacniających sygnały z detektorów (zastosowanie "szybkiej" elektroniki). Powszechnie używany model, opisujący licznik słomkowy jako stratną linię transmisyjną, nie daje możliwości analizowania odporności komory na zewnętrzne pola elektromagnetyczne zakłóceń. Praca prezentuje opracowany nowy, uwzględniający rezystancję katody, model licznika słomkowego nazwany modelem linii podwójnej. Model ten został zweryfikowany eksperymentalnie i zastosowany do analizy: transmisji sygnału w liczniku słomkowym (badanie tłumienia i zniekształceń odpowiedzi impulsowej), odporności na zakłócenia i zjawiska przesłuchów sygnałowych między sąsiednimi licznikami. W pracy prezentowany jest także nowy model impedancji katody foliowego licznika słomkowego, pozwalający na dokonanie oceny, już na etapie projektowania konstrukcji słomki, istotnych parametrów komory, takich jak odporność na zakłócenia czy poziom przesłuchów. Charakterystyczna dla detektorów wielkowymiarowych potrzeba dopasowywania impedancyjnego końców liczników powoduje, że klasyczne dla elektroniki jądrowej metody analizy układu detektor-wzmacniacz okazują się niewystarczające. Dlatego autor proponuje nowe, adekwatne dla detektorów dopasowanych, miary stosunku sygnał-szum, używane w przeprowadzanej analizie możliwości wpływania na trzy czynniki mające decydujące znaczenie dla rozdzielczości komory: sygnał, szum i zakłócenia. Obszerny fragment pracy poświęcony jest problemowi zakłóceń w hali eksperymentów akceleratorowych. Omawiane są główne ich źródła, drogi propagowania i mechanizmy wnikania do systemu pomiarowego. Autor podejmuje polemikę ze zwolennikami koncepcji organizowania tzw. masy systemowej, jako sposobu obniżania poziomu zakłóceń w hali eksperymentalnej. Praca kończy się przedstawieniem niektórych rozwiązań projektu układu wzmacniacz-dyskryminator, które są praktyczną realizacją wniosków z wcześniej prezentowanych rozważań.

EN

The paper is devoted to the proportional drift chambers, which are widely applied in high energy experiments as large area trackers with high spatial resolution. Special attention is given to straw chambers, which are the most often built chambers nowadays. The performance of drift chambers and associated front-end-electronics was analysed from the point of view of achievable spatial resolution. The analysis is illustrated by example technical solutions designed for the COMPASS experiment at CERN. The spatial resolution of the proportional chambers is conditioned by mechanical factors (the precision of chamber elements construction and alignment), by fluctuations related to the particle energy transfer to the gas, and by fluctuations associated with the signal amplification in the electronic circuits. In many cases it also depends on the working conditions - on the electromagnetic interference and the so-called high-rate effects. The influence of all these effects is discussed in the paper. Emphasis is put on those factors which may have an influence on the design of a chamber and front-end electronics. Assumptions of the Monte-Carlo model of the chamber are described in parallel with the discussion of a particular factors influence. This model, after experimental verification, became a tool for the analysis of the different factors influence on the chamber spatial resolution. The paper presents the results of this research, which lead to the conclusion that the designer of the chamber front-end electronics may affect the resolution mainly by the reduction of the noise and electromagnetic interference level and by the application of "fast" electronics - design of the amplifier with a very short pulse rise time. The widely used model of the straw chamber, described as a lossy transmission line, does not allow the analysis of the chamber immunity to the external electromagnetic field interference. This paper presents a new model, called a double line model, designed by the author, which takes into account the cathode resistance. This model has been verified experimentally and used for the analysis of the signal transmission in the straw chamber (investigation of the signal attenuation and transient response distortion), and of the resistance of the chamber to the electromagnetic interference and signal cross-talk between adjacent straws. A new model of the impedance of the foil cathode of the chamber is also presented. It enables, already at the chamber design stage, the estimation of the significant parameters of the chamber, such as the immunity to the external noise or the cross-talk. The necessity for impedance matching of the chamber ends, typical for large area detectors, means that the classical methods of the detector-amplifier system analysis, used in the nuclear electronics, are insufficient. Therefore, the author proposes new measures of the signal-to-noise ratio, adequate for impedance matched detectors. They are used for the analysis of the possibility of influence on the three main factors which determine the chamber spatial resolution namely: signal, noise and electromagnetic interference. An extensive fragment is dedicated to the problem of electromagnetic interference in the experimental hall of the accelerator experiment. In the last part of the paper chosen solutions used in the design of the integrated amplifier-discriminator circuit are described as a practical realization of the conclusions from the presented considerations.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

fizyka wysokiej energii; detektory śladowe

EN

high energy experiments; large area trackers

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektronika
• Rocznik: 2003
• Tom: z. 144
• Strony: 3--160
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 143, rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Marzec J.

• Instytut Radioelektroniki Politechniki Warszawskiej

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