Alternatywne systemy podawania leków

• Autorzy: Ciach T.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Alternative drug delivery systems

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Człowiek stara się zwalczać choroby za pomocą różnych substancji od niepamiętnych czasów. Początkowo leki podawano w formie pierwotnej, jako części roślin lub sproszkowane minerały. Następnie pojawiły się pierwsze proste formy leków jak maści, wywary czy ręcznie robione tabletki, które w unowocześnionej formie leczą ludzi po dziś dzień. Klasyczne systemy podawania leków nie zawsze pozwalają na skuteczne podanie substancji aktywnej do wymaganego obszaru organizmu przy zachowaniu minimum skutków ubocznych. Najczęstszą przyczyną tego zjawiska są właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne samej substancji aktywnej, wpływające na jej zachowanie w organizmie. Opracowywanie nowych substancji aktywnych bardzo rzadko pozwala połączyć skuteczność oddziaływania na struktury biologiczne z odpowiednim profilem dystrybucji związku aktywnego w organizmie. Wraz z rozwojem nauki zaczęły pojawiać się nowe rozwiązania usprawniające a nawet znacznie wyprzedzające klasyczne formy leków. Alternatywne systemy podawania leków pozwalają na lepsze wykorzystanie znanych substancji aktywnych poprzez utrzymanie stałego stężenia leku w ustroju bądź podanie leku jedynie tam gdzie jego obecność jest konieczna. Systemy takie są zdecydowanie mniej toksyczne dla organizmu i często wygodniejsze dla pacjenta, niż systemy klasyczne. Przy malejącej ilości nowo odkrywanych substancji aktywnych pozwalają na wytwarzanie nowych, skuteczniejszych systemów terapeutycznych ze znanych i dobrze zbadanych substancji leczniczych. W ostatnim okresie alternatywne systemy podawania leków stały się obiektem intensywnych prac naukowych. Medycyna łączy z nimi nadzieję na skuteczne leczenie głównych zabójców społeczeństw krajów rozwiniętych, czyli komplikacji sercowo naczyniowych i chorób nowotworowych. W schorzeniach tych klasyczne systemy farmaceutyczne albo zawodzą albo ich stosowanie pociąga za sobą występowanie niebezpiecznych efektów ubocznych prowadzących często do wyniszczenia całego organizmu. Prezentowana monografia dotyczy wybranych alternatywnych systemów podawania leków stanowiących trzy odrębne obszary badawcze - rozdziały monografii. Obszary te to cząstki polimerowe do podawania leków, stenty wieńcowych wydzielających leki oraz elektroniczny implant podający leki poprzez śluzówkę policzka. Te trzy odrębne obszary łączy jeden cel - usprawnienie procesu podawania leków do organizmu człowieka. W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiono krótki rys historii leków i historii farmakoterapii. W następnym rozdziale opisano podstawowe drogi podawania leków i ich losy w organizmie od podania do jego eliminacji z ustroju. Ten obszar farmakologii ogólnej, zwany farmakokinetyką, starano się przedstawić z punktu widzenia inżynierii chemicznej, skupiając się na procesach podawania, transportu, dystrybucji, akumulacji i wydalania bądź metabolizmu leków. Przedstawiono też podstawowe modele opisujące losy leku w systemie z punktu widzenia tkanek, organów i pojedynczych komórek. Opis ten przytoczono, aby zaznajomić czytelnika z podstawowymi pojęciami z zakresu farmakokinetyki oraz stosowanymi metodami analizy, które nieznacznie odbiegaj ą od przyj ętychw inżynierii chemicznej. W następnych rozdziałach omówiono kolejno trzy przykłady alternatywnych systemów podawania leków, oraz ich technologiczne i farmakologiczne aspekty. W niniejszej monografii przedstawiono: otrzymywanie cząstek do podawania leków na drodze atomizacji elektro hydrodynamicznej (EHDA), pokrycia polimerowe uwalniające leki ze stentów wieńcowych oraz podawanie leków przez śluzówkę policzka za pomocą implantu elektronicznego powstałego w ramach międzynarodowego projektu badawczego IntelliDrug finansowanego przez Komisję Europejską. Dwa ostatnie projekty badawcze zostały doprowadzone do prób klinicznych, a opracowane przez autora stenty wieńcowe wydzielające leki są w produkcji od 2005 roku.

EN

The present work focuses on novel, alternative drug delivery systems. Due to a slowly decreasing number of new pharmaceutical entities entering the market, the use of the existing ones has become very important. New, alternative drug delivery systems are able to deliver the drug to the desired area only, or keep the concentration of the drug in the body fluids constant. This allows us to design new therapies which are more effective and show fewer side effects. In the first part of the paper, the history of medicine and pharmacy dating back to ancient Egyptians has been described. Next, basic knowledge on pharmacokinetics has been provided. The processes of drug delivery, drug absorption and drug distribution in the organism are described, to help the reader to understand the problems of drug delivery systems. Principles of mathematical modelling of drug fate in the organism, from absorption via distribution in various types of tissue to degradation and removal from the body, are also the subject of introductory chapters. The subjects of the following chapters are the three examples of alternative drug delivery systems; particles for drug delivery, drug eluting coronary stents and electronic drug delivery systems. Particles for drug delivery are produced using Electro Hydro Dynamic Atomization. When the droplet of the liquid, hanging beneath the nozzle, is subjected to the electric field, it becomes conical in shape. When the electric field is strong enough, a thin liquid jet emerges from the cone tip. This liquid jet breaks up into a row of identical droplets. If the sprayed liquid is a solution of the drug and a polymer we can produce drug containing particles. Drug release time depends on the polymer type, drug properties, particle size and composition. This drug release period can be set from hours to months, which makes polymer particles very promising drug carriers. Coronary stents are nowadays the most popular method to treat coronary artery narrowing, stenosis. Stents are steel scaffolds which are implanted on the balloon which expands in the place where the artery is narrowed. They are left in the artery to keep it open. Unfortunately due to the irritation of the artery walls, restenosis, narrowing which happens again in the place of the stent implantation is a frequent problem. To avoid that problem, a drug eluting polymer layer is applied on the stent surface. In this chapter stent coating technology with a drug and biodegradable polymer is presented. As a drug, Paclitaxel is applied, and a carrier is polylactide - a biodegradable polymer. After successful laboratory experiments animal tests were performed. The next step involved a series of clinical experiments which showed very good properties of the designed coating. The described drug eluting coronary stents have been in the production state since 2005. The last part of the presented work describes electronic drug delivery systems which are implanted in the place of the molar tooth. This implant is able to prepare a drug solution using purified water present in the saliva. Then the drug solution is released to the buccal side of the implant. The drug release process is controlled by a micro valve, a flow sensor and the drug concentration sensor. The device is equipped with a microcomputer and a remote control system. The behaviour of this electronic drug delivery system was investigated during laboratory and anima trials. The presented drug delivery systems are from different areas of pharmacology but they are all designed to increase drug delivery efficiency and improve therapies.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

atomizacja elektrohydrodynamiczna; kontrolowane wydzielanie leków; stenty

EN

drug delivery systems; electrostatic atomization; drug eluting stents

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Wydziału Inżynierii Chemicznej i Procesowej Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: Vol. 33, z. 1
• Strony: 3--134
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 222 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Ciach T.

• Katedra Inżynierii Procesów Zintegrowanych

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