Badania ekotoksykologiczne w procesioe ekologicznej oceny ryzyka w środowisku wodnym

• Autorzy: Załęska-Radziwiłł M.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Ecotoxicological assays in the process of ecological risk assessment in water environment

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest ekotoksykologiczna ocena ryzyka wywołanego obecnością pestycydów chloroorganicznych w ekosystemie wodnym na podstawie testów jednogatunko-wych i weryfikacja uzyskanych wyników w testach wielogatunkowych w warunkach laboratoryjnych i polowych. Jako substancje modelowe zastosowano endosulfan i metoksychlor. Ocenę zagrożenia i ryzyka dokonano dla trzech różnych przewidywanych stężeń pestycydów określających narażenie (PEC) na podstawie stosunku toksyczności do narażenia (TER), ilorazu zagrożenia (HQ), współczynnika ryzyka (RQ = PEC/PNEC), frakcji zagrożonych gatunków (PAP) oraz wskaźnikowego systemu klasyfikacji ryzyka dla wód powierzchniowych PRISWi i PRISW^. Do oceny selektywności i możliwości użycia pestycydów w warunkach naturalnych zastosowano indeks bezpieczeństwa (IB). Przewidywane stężenie niewywołujące negatywnych skutków w środowisku (PNEC) obliczono na podstawie wyników badań własnych oraz danych literaturowych, przy zastosowaniu współczynników bezpieczeństwa oraz empirycznych modeli statystycznych opartych na rozkładzie wrażliwości gatunkowej (SSD). SSD zastosowano również do wyznaczenia PAF. PNEC i PAP wyznaczono dla wszystkich organizmów ekosystemu wodnego oraz dodatkowo dla kręgowców, bezkręgowców, stawonogów, bezkręgowców z wyłączeniem stawonogów, organizmów celowych (owadów) i niecelowych stawonogów. Wykazano, że endosulfan i metoksychlor należą do związków silnie toksycznych. Stwierdzono, że deterministyczna ocena ryzyka na podstawie HQ i TER jest wysoce konserwatywna, gdyż ogranicza dane toksyczności i narażenia do pojedynczych wartości i może prowadzić do błędnych wniosków dotyczących potencjalnych zagrożeń w środowisku. Do obliczeń PNEC można zastosować model własny, niezakładający postaci rozkładu wartości LC(EC)50-t. Wykazano, że szacowanie ryzyka jest bardziej miarodajne dla określonych grup organizmów uwzględniających ich rolę w poszczególnych poziomach troficznych aniżeli dla wszystkich organizmów w pojedynczym zbiorze. Analiza PAF udokumentowała, że w przypadku endosul-fanu ryzyko jest znaczne przy dopuszczalnym stężeniu pestycydów chloroorganicznych dla wód. Weryfikacja oceny zagrożenia i ryzyka w środowisku mikrokosmów laboratoryjnych wykazała, że wpływ pestycydów zwiększał się podczas stałego przepływu wody z badanymi związkarni w porównaniu z jednorazowym ich zastosowaniem. Pestycydy obniżały bioróżnorodność zwierząt w zbiorowiskach organizmów, kumulowały się w rybach i osadach dennych, sprzyjały rozwojowi glonów oraz bakterii wykorzystujących te związki jako jedyne źródło węgla i energii. Zjawiska te zostały potwierdzone w warunkach naturalnych. Wysoka szkodliwość badanych pestycydów, w tym niekorzystny wpływ na procesy hormonalne oraz kumulacja w osadach i materiale biologicznym, stanowi przeciwwskazanie do ich stosowania.

EN

The aim of presented research was the ecotoxicological risk assessment for water ecosystem polluted with chloroorganic pesticides on the basis of the single-species tests and the verification of the obtained results in multi-species tests in laboratory and in field conditions. The model substances chosen for the tests were endosulfan and metoxychlor. Hazard and risk assessment was prepared for three different predicted concentrations of the pesticides as the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) on the basis of the Toxicity-Exposure Ratio (TER), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Risk Quotient (RQ = PEC/PNEC), Potentially Affected Fraction (PAF) and the Pesticide Risk Index for Surface Water PRISWi and PRISW^. In order to determine the selectivity and the possibility to use the pesticides in natural conditions a safety index IB was applied. Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) was calculated on the basis of the results of author's own research and the literature data using assessment factors and the empirical statistical models based on the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD). SSD was also used to determine PAF. PNEC and PAF was determined for all organisms living in water ecosystem and additionally for vertebrates, invertebrates, arthropoda, invertebrates excluding arthropoda, target arthropoda (insects) and other arthropoda. Endosulfan and metoxychlor were proved to be highly toxic compounds. The deterministic risk assessment on the basis of Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Toxicity-Exposure Ratio (TER) was found to be too conservative due to the fact that it limits the toxicity data and hazard data to the isolated values. It may result in false conclusions to the potential hazard in environment. In order to determine the Predicted No-Effect Concentration another offered by the author model can be used. The proposed model does not assume LC(EC)50-t distribution to be in fixed form. It was also proved that the risk assessment is more accurate for defined groups of organisms when their role at different trophic level is taken into consideration than for all organisms in ecosystem. PAF analysis confirmed that risk for endosulfan is very high even when the concentration of chloroorganic pesticides in water is at acceptable level. The verification of the risk and hazard assessment in laboratory microcosms showed that impact of pesticides was higher with the constant inflow of water containing the tested compounds when in comparison to the single use of pesticides at the beginning of the test. The presence of pesticides in the ecosystem resulted in the decrease of biodiversity of animals in the community. Pesticides cumulated in fish and in bottom sediments, stimulated the algae growth and the growth of bacteria using those compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy. These phenomena were confirmed in natural conditions. High harmfulness of the tested pesticides, especially the adverse impact on the hormonal processes and the accumulation in sediments and biological material is the clear contraindication against their use.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

testy ekotoksykologiczne; rozkład wrażliwości gatunkowej; ekstrapolacja; frakcja zagrożonych gatunków; ekosystem wodny

EN

ecotoxicological tests; species sensitivity distribution; extrapolation; potentially affected fraction; water ecosystem

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: z. 52
• Strony: 3--196
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 272 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Załęska-Radziwiłł M.

• Instytut Systemów Inżynierii Środowiska, Wydział Inżynierii Środowiska, Politechnika Warszawska

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