Walking as a mode of transport - a planning and policy perspective

• Autorzy: Olszewski P.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Ruch pieszy jako środek transportu z perspektywy planowania i polityki transportowej

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This monograph presents the current state of knowledge on walking issues and the planning for pedestrians (Part I) as well as results of the author's own research on walking in Singapore (Part II). Until recently, walking has been treated in transportation planning as a minor mode but this perception is changing as the importance of walking as a "green" and healthy mode of travel is being recognised. General characteristics of walking discussed include parameters of pedestrian flow such as speed and density as well as walking distances, modal shares and trip generation rates. Models of walking demand presented include traditional comprehensive transport models, dedicated pedestrian models as well as the recently emerged class of microscopic simulation models. Assessment of walkways and pedestrian networks involves measuring the quality of service and the issue of accessibility for the elderly and disabled. Examples of pedestrian improvement schemes and programmes from various cities are presented. Special attention is given to the issues of walking access to public transport and the safety of pedestrians as the most vulnerable road users. The studies in Singapore focused on characterising the walking behaviour and development of a new method for evaluating pedestrian accessibility to Mass Rapid Transport (MRT) stations. The characteristics of walking in Singapore examined include the effect of factors such as car availability, trip purpose, age and gender on walking trip rates, modal split and walking distances. A modal split model of walking vs. motorised travel is presented. A study of walking accessibility of ten MRT stations conducted by the author for the Singapore Land Transport Authority included the assessment of pedestrian routes and factors affecting the choice of walking as an access mode. Results of sub-modal split modelling of passengers' choice of access mode to the station lead to a new concept of "equivalent walking distance" which is used to express the generalised effort of walking. Finally, several new methods of assessing the quality of the walking environment inside the catchment areas of MRT stations are proposed.

PL

Opracowanie składa się z dwóch części: w pierwszej przedstawiono stan wiedzy na temat ruchu pieszego i stan praktyki inżynierii komunikacyjnej w planowaniu urządzeń dla pieszych. Część druga obejmuje wyniki badań własnych autora na temat ruchu pieszego w Singapurze, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem oceny dostępności pieszej do stacji metra. Ruch pieszy nazywany bywa "zaniedbanym środkiem transportu", jako że w planowaniu komunikacyjnym traktowany jest często drugoplanowo. Jednakże w ostatnich latach obserwowana jest na świecie tendencja odzyskiwania przez ruch pieszy należnej mu rangi, widoczna w badaniach naukowych, licznych publikacjach oraz w działalności stowarzyszeń zawodowych i organizacji pozarządowych. Uznaje się coraz powszechniej, że chodzenie jest sposobem przemieszczania przyjaznym dla środowiska i ma walory zdrowotne. Dostrzega się rolę wygodnych i pozbawionych barier dojść pieszych w lepszym zintegrowaniu systemów transportu i zapewnieniu ich dostępności dla osób starszych i niepełnosprawnych. Również poprawa bezpieczeństwa pieszych na drogach jest przedmiotem nieustannej troski. Rozdział l przedstawia ogólny opis ruchu pieszego i jego parametry takie jak prędkość, gęstość i natężenie. Podróże piesze charakteryzowane są poprzez rozkłady ich długości, udziały w ogóle podróży oraz współczynniki ruchliwości pieszej. Wielkości te zależą od motywacji podróży, od cech podróżującego takich jak wiek i płeć oraz od dostępności do samochodu. W wielu krajach obserwowana jest tendencja spadku udziału ruchu pieszego wraz ze wzrostem poziomu motoryzacji. Rozdział 2 omawia sposoby uwzględniania ruchu pieszego w planowaniu systemów transportu i projektowaniu węzłów komunikacji zbiorowej. Ruch pieszy jest często pomijany w badaniach ruchu i planowaniu gdyż uważa się, że ma on charakter "samoorganizujący", czyli niewymagający ingerencji ze strony planistów. Przedstawione są modele stosowane w tradycyjnym prognozowaniu ruchu, to znaczy modele kompleksowe uwzględniające wszystkie środki transportu oraz modele przeznaczone wyłącznie do szacowania ruchu pieszego. Osobno omówione są modele symulacyjne ruchu pieszego, które ostatnio są intensywnie rozwijane i znajdują zastosowanie w projektowaniu stacji kolejowych, terminali na lotniskach i innych ośrodków aktywności pieszej. Rozdział 3 przedstawia zagadnienie oceny warunków ruchu pieszego oraz urządzeń, ciągów i sieci ścieżek dla pieszych. Omówione są metody określania poziomu swobody ruchu na chodnikach, ścieżkach oraz przejściach dla pieszych. Przedstawione są światowe przykłady usprawnień dla pieszych w formie stref ruchu pieszego oraz placów. Podkreślono też wagę zagadnienia dostosowania urządzeń dla pieszych dla potrzeb osób starszych i niepełnosprawnych. Rozdział 4 poświęcony jest zagadnieniu dojść pieszych do przystanków i stacji komunikacji zbiorowej. Średnie długości dojścia obserwowane w różnych miastach to 250-390 m dla autobusu i 350-520 m w przypadku metra. Wyniki badań wskazują, że najważniejsze czynniki wpływające na wybór dojścia do stacji to oprócz odległości także .jakość środowiska pieszego", na którą składają się jakość chodników i przejść przez ulice, a także obecność urządzeń towarzyszących. Rozdział 5 przedstawia sprawy bezpieczeństwa pieszych jako najbardziej narażonych na niebezpieczeństwo uczestników ruchu drogowego. Międzynarodowe statystyki wypadków mówią, że piesi stanowią od 8% do 40% ofiar śmiertelnych na drogach. Chociaż w ostatnich latach nastąpiła tu znaczna poprawa, niezbędne są dalsze wysiłki w tej dziedzinie, szczególnie w krajach o średnim i niskim poziomie dochodu. Przykład Holandii wskazuje, że możliwe jest wielokrotne zmniejszenie wskaźnika zagrożenia pieszych na milion mieszkańców. Rozdział 6 omawia rolę ruchu pieszego w systemie transportu Singapuru na podstawie badań autora. Ankietowe badania ruchu z roku 1991 wskazują na wysoki, 39% udział podróży pieszych w ogólnej ruchliwości mieszkańców, który w dużej mierze wynika ze struktury przestrzennej miasta. Udział ten jest najniższy w przypadku podróży do pracy (9%) a najwyższy dla podróży dom-inne cele (60%). Przedstawiono charakterystykę podróży pieszych oraz wpływ czynników takich jak motywacja podróży, płeć i wiek osoby oraz liczba samochodów w gospodarstwie domowym. Średnią długość podróży pieszej oszacowano na 740 m a średni czas 10 minut. Skalibrowano wykładniczy model podziału ruchu na podróże piesze i niepiesze, z którego wynika, że 50% podróży odbywa się pieszo przy odległości 850 m. Rozdział 7 przedstawia wyniki przeprowadzonych przez autora badań dostępności pieszej dla 10-ciu stacji metra w Singapurze. W ramach badań przeprowadzono 1550 wywiadów z pasażerami metra oraz dokonano pomiarów charakterystyki ponad 180 ciągów pieszych w promieniu l km od stacji. Pomiary segmentów ciągów objęły takie elementy jak długość, zatłoczenie, jakość nawierzchni, stopnie w górę i w dół, spadki podłużne, konflikty z ruchem kołowym oraz straty czasu na przejściach przez ulice. Udział dojścia pieszego do poszczególnych stacji wahał się w granicach 39%-94%. Średnie długości dojścia do przystanku to: 613 m dla metra, 227 m dla lekkiej kolei szynowej (LRT) i 193 m dla autobusu. Na podstawie ankiet oceniono wpływ 9-ciu czynników wpływających na wybór środka transportu. Najważniejsze czynniki to: zadaszenie ścieżek pieszych, długość dojścia oraz wygoda dojścia. Określono też bariery utrudniające dostępność do stacji dla osób niepełnosprawnych. Rozdział 8 poświęcony jest modelowaniu wyboru dojścia do stacji metra pieszo lub dojazdu autobusem lokalnym albo lekką koleją szynową. Model w postaci logitowej funkcji prawdopodobieństwa wyboru opcji pieszej skalibrowano na podstawie 891 obserwacji. Istotne czynniki wpływające na ten wybór to: długość trasy dojścia, liczba stopni podejścia w górę oraz liczba skrzyżowań i konfliktów z ruchem kołowym. Na podstawie modelu zaproponowano pojęcie "ekwiwalentnej długości dojścia", która w założeniu odzwierciedla cały włożony wysiłek i niewygodę dojścia pieszego. Na podstawie analizy wariantowej uzyskano następujące współczynniki równoważności: jedno przejście przez ulicę odpowiada dodatkowo 43 m długości trasy, jeden stopień w górę to 2.7 m trasy w poziomie a jedno przejście przez parking to odpowiednik 26 m długości trasy. Rozdział 9 przedstawia nową metodę oceny dostępności pieszej obszaru obsługi stacji metra. Wprowadza się dwa wskaźniki ilościowe pozwalające ocenić sieć chodników i ścieżek pieszych: wskaźnik wydłużenia tras i wskaźnik utrudnień w chodzeniu. Według pomiarów w Singapurze, wskaźnik wydłużenia tras wynosił średnio 1.30, a wskaźnik utrudnień w chodzeniu średnio 1.24. Dla całego obszaru obsługi stacji metra, zaproponowany jest wskaźnik dostępności pieszej WAI, który stanowi iloraz rzeczywistego "potencjału pieszego" obszaru, opartego na "ekwiwalentnej odległości dojścia" oraz potencjału maksymalnego, uzyskanego przy założeniu idealnych warunków dla pieszych (chodzenie w jednym poziomie, w linii prostej i bez żadnych konfliktów z ruchem kołowym). Dla badanych stacji wskaźnik ten wahał się w granicach 44%-65%. W podsumowaniu pracy znalazły się wnioski, które mogą wynikać z badań singapurskich i tamtejszej praktyki planistycznej dla innych miast. Podkreśla się wagę struktury przestrzennej miasta w stworzeniu atrakcyjnych warunków dla ruchu pieszego. Jednocześnie obserwowane przypadki zatłoczenia chodników i braku ciągłości ścieżek pieszych wskazują na potrzebę stosowania analizy przepustowości i lepszego uwzględniania potrzeb pieszych w planach lokalnych i projektowaniu okolic ważnych generatorów ruchu pieszego.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

walking; policy perspective; town transport; transport systems

PL

polityka transportowa; ruch pieszy; systemy transportowe w miastach; komunikacja miejska

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Budownictwo
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: z. 146
• Strony: 5--149
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 235 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Olszewski P.

• Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, School of Civil Environmental Engineering

Bibliografia

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