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Publikacja zawiera wprowadzenie, pięć części poświęconych diagnostyce poszczególnych urządzeń wysokiego napięcia w eksploatacji oraz cztery załączniki. We "Wprowadzeniu" przedstawiono główne zagadnienia oceny stanu technicznego izolacji transformatorów, kabli elektroenergetycznych, rozdzielnic gazoszczelnych oraz uzwojeń stojanów generatorów. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zarządzaniu składnikami majątku zakładów energetycznych oraz diagnostyce układów izolacyjnych mogącej wspomóc podejmowanie właściwych decyzji dotyczących nowych inwestycji lub prac obsługowych. W części pierwszej rozważane są właściwości fizyczne wyładowań niezupełnych (wiz) w układach izolacyjnych stałych, ciekłych i gazowych poszczególnych urządzeń wysokiego napięcia. Przedstawiono parametry opisujące procesy przebicia oraz problemy związane z ich pomiarem i rejestracją, szczególnie podczas występowania zakłóceń. Część druga jest poświęcona diagnozowaniu izolacji transformatorów elektroenergetycznych, gdy pomiary wnz dostarczają istotnych informacji o uszkodzeniach powstałych podczas ich montażu. Wówczas wyniki pomiarów wnz porównuje się z wzorcami uzyskanymi z wcześniejszych pomiarów, dla których uszkodzenia zostały zidentyfikowane. Diagnostyka transformatorów w eksploatacji powinna dać odpowiedź na pytanie: Jak długo motna eksploatować transformator bez powiększonego ryzyka jego wybuchu? Skomputeryzowany system ekspercki bazujący na zgromadzonej wiedzy praktycznej wspiera decyzje podejmowane na podstawie uzyskanego z pomiarów rozkładu wnz. Część trzecia zawiera porównanie procedur (on-line, off-line) testowania stanu izolacji kabli elektroenergetycznych oraz przewoźnych układów probierczych, z wyróżnieniem układu rezonansowego typu OWPS opracowanego przez autora. Omówiono tłumienie impulsów wnz, ich odbicia oraz metody lokalizacji źródeł wnz. W części czwartej omówiono uszkodzenia izolacji występujące w rozdzielnicach gazoszczelnych, w szczególności związane z obecnością cząstek przewodzących oraz z występowaniem ostrzy na przewodach pod napięciem i osłonach uziemionych. Przedstawiono szczególne problemy pomiarowe wynikające z bardzo wysokiej stromości napięć przebicia oraz odbić fal napięciowych. W części piątej zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów on linę izolacji uzwojeń stojanów generatorów. Załączniki A-C zawierają dodatkowe informacje dotyczące napięć zapłonu wnz oraz ich detekcji. Załącznik D zawiera wykaz publikacji i opracowań naukowych autora.
The monograph contains an introduction, five sections devoted to the diagnosis of given HV power apparatus in service and four appendices. The introductory part presents the topics of estimating the technical state of the insulation of the HV power apparatus: the transformers, power cables. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) and generator stator windings. Special attention is devoted to the Asset Management (AM) policy at utilities as well as to the importance of insulation diagnosis - which can support proper decisions regarding the new investment or maintenance work. In the first section the physical properties of partial discharges (PD) in the solid, liquid and gaseous insulation of HV power apparatus are discussed. The parameters which describe the breakdown processes and problems connected with their measurement/registration, especially in a noisy environment - are presented. The second section is devoted to the diagnosis of the insulation of power transformers, since the PD measurements give valuable information about manufacturing errors. In such a case the results of the PD measurements are compared with the patterns obtained at earlier measured specified errors. The diagnosis of power transformers in service ought to give the answer to the following question: How long can one use the given power transformer without an increased risk of explosion^ The computerized expert system based on practical experience supports decisions undertaken on the basis of the given PD pattern. The third section presents a comparison of the testing procedures (on-line, off-line) used to state the insulation of power cables as well as several mobile testing units, especially of the resonant type (invented by the author). The attenuation of PD pulses, their reflections and the location methods of PD sources are discussed. In the fourth section the problems of errors in GIS are presented, especially in connection with the presence of conductive particles and the protrusions on the live conductor or earthed enclosures. The special measurement problems under the specific conditions of very high rates of breakdown voltage rise and wave reflection are discussed. The core problem in the fifth section is connected with the on-line application for testing the insulation of power generator stator windings. Appendices A-C contain additional details and derivations with regard to PD inception, occurrence and detection. Appendix D gives a list of author's scientific publications and contributions.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
3--125
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 75 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Delft University of Technology, High Voltage Technology & Management
Bibliografia
- Bibliografia do Wprowadzenia
- [1] E. Gulski, F.J. Wester, J.J. Smit, P.N. Seitz, M. Turner: Advanced partial discharge diagnostic of MV power cable system using oscillating wave test system. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2000, vol. 16, No 2, s. 17-25.
- [2] B. Quak, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit: Datamining and information processing to support the AM decision making process. ERA Conf. on Engineering Asset Management, 5-6 Nov. 2002, London.
- [3] J. McGrail, E. Gulski, E.R.S. Groot, D. Allan, D. Birtwhistle, T.R. Blackburn: Datamining techniques to assess the condition of high voltage electrical plant. CIGRE Paris, WG 15.11 paper, 2002.
- Bibliografia do Rozdziału 2
- [1] CIGRE WG 12.01: Measurement of partial discharges in transformers. Part 1 & 2, Electra, 1971, No 19, 13-65.
- [2] B.T. Phung: Computer-based PD detection and characterization. PhD Thesis University of New South Wales, 1997.
- [3] S. Tenbohlen: Ontwikkelingen op het gebied van on-line monitoring. Centram transformatordag 2000, Arnhem.
- [4] P. Werle, V. Wasserberg, H. Borsi, E. Gockenbach: A new protection and monitoring system for dry type transformers based on innovative sensor technologies. ISEI 2000, Anaheim (CA, USA).
- [5] M.M. de A. Olivieri, W.A. Mannheimer, A.P. Ripper-Neto: On the use of acoustic signals for detection and location of partial discahargesdischarges in power transformers. ISEI 2000, Anaheim (CA, USA).
- [6] R. Braeunlich, M. Haessig, J. Fuhr, Th. Aschwanden: Assessment of insulation condition of large power transformers by on-site electrical diagnostic methods. ISEI 2000, Anaheim (CA, USA).
- [7] K. Feser, E. Grossmann, M. Lauersdorf, Th. Grun: Improvement of sensitivity in onöineon-line PD-measurements on transformers by digital filtering. ISH 1999, London.
- [8] F.A. Verhaart, W. Rutgers: Diagnostic for power transformers. ETG Fachtagung 2002, Berlin.
- [9] CIGRE DATA Formatdata format for GIS PD software. Electra, 1998, No 177, 87-93.
- [10] CIGRE TF 15.01.04. Partial Discharges in Transformer Insulation. Paper 15-302, Main session 2000.
- [11] V.G. Davydov, O.M. Roizman W.J. Bonwick: Transformer Insulation behaviour during overload. EPRI Substation Equipment Diagnostic Conference V, TR-111282, 1998, II-53-II-72.
- Bibliografia do Rozdziału 3
- [1] E. Dorison, C. Aucourt: After laying test of HV and EHV cables. JiCable Versailles, 1984, paper BV-5.
- [2] P. Grönefeld, R. von Olshausen, F. Selle: Fehlererkennung und Isolationsgefährdung bei der Prüfung water tree-haltiger VPE-Kabel mit Spannungen unterschiedlicher Form. Elektrizitätswirtschaft 84, 1985, 13, 501-506.
- [3] E. Lemke, R. Röding, W. Weiβenberg: On-site testing of extruded power cables by PD measurements at SI voltages. CIGRE Symp., Vienna 1987, paper 1020-02.
- [4] F. Farneti, F. Ombello, E. Bertani, W. Mosca: Generation of oscillating waves for after-laying test of HV extruded cable links. CIGRE Session, Paris 1990, paper 21-10.
- [5] G. Friese, E. Lemke: PD phenomena in polyethylene under AC and impulse stresses with respect to on-site diagnosis tests of extruded cables. 7th ISH, Dresden 1991, paper 75.07.
- [6] R. Bach, W. Kalkner: Comparative study on alternative test voltages for layed medium voltage cables. 7th ISH, Dresden 1991.
- [7] R. Plath: Oscillating voltages als Prüfspannung zur Vor-Ort Prüfung und TE-Messung kunstoffisolierter Kabel. Doctoral Thesis, TU, Berlin 1994.
- [8] E. Lemke, P. Schmiegel: Complex Discharge Analyzing (CDA) - an alternative procedure for diagnosis tests of HV power apparatus of extremely high capacity. 9th ISH, Graz 1995, paper 5617.
- [9] E. Lemke, P. Schmiegel, H. Elze, D. Ruβwurm: Procedure for evaluation of dielectric properties based on Complex Discharge Analyzing (CDA). IEEE Intern. Symp. on El. Ins. Montreal 1996, 385-388.
- [10] E. Pultrum, E. Hetzel: VLF discharge detection as a diagnostic tool for MV cables. IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Berlin 1997.
- [11] J.T. Holboll, H. Edin: PD detection vs. loss measurements at high voltages with variable frequencies. 10th ISH, Montreal 1997.
- [12] P. Lefevre, W. Legros, W. Salvador: Dielectric test with oscillating discharge on synthetic insulation cables. CIRED, Paris 1989, 270-273.
- [13] V. Colloca, A. Fara, M. de Nigris, G. Rizzi: Comparison among different diagnostic systems for medium voltage cable lines, paper 1-53, Cired 2001, Amsterdam.
- [14] C. Walton: Regulatory and business drivers for reducing underground cable failures. Paper 3.6 at ERA HV plant life extension conference, Brussels, 23-24 November 2000.
- [15] N. van Schaik, E.F. Steennis, A. van Dam, B.J. Groetenhuis, M.J. van Riet, C.J. Verhoeven, CBM on „MV cable circuits as a part of asset management”, CIRED 2001. paper No 1.28.
- [16] E.R.S. Groot, Ph. Wester, E. Gulski, F.J. Wester, C.G.N. de Jong, M. van Riet, D.M. Harmsmen, 1. Pellis, H. Geene: Tools, for quality assessment of distribution cable networks. CIRED, 2001, paper No 3.17.
- [17] J. Popma, J. Pellis: Diagnostics For HV cable systems. HV Plant Life Extension, ERA Technology Conference 2000, paper 2.6.
- [18] F.J. Wester, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit: CBM of MV power cable systems on the base of advanced PD diagnosis. CIRED, 2001, paper No 1.29.
- [19] E.F. Steennis, E. Hetzel, C.W.J. Verhoeven: Diagnostic medium voltage cable test at 0.1 Hz. Jicable, 1991, 408-414.
- [20] E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, P.N. Seitz, J.C. Smit: Measurements On-site using Oscillating Wave Test System. IEEE Int. Symp. on EI, 1998, Washington.
- [21] E. Gulski, F.J. Wester, J.J. Smit, P.N. Seitz, M. Turner: Advanced PD diagnosis of MV power cables using OWTS. IEEE EI Magazine March/April 2000, vol. 16, No 2.
- [22] N. van Schaik, E.F. Steennis, W. Boone, E. Hetzel, D.M. van Aartrijk: MV cable diagnostics, condition based maintenance on power cables. 17th Nordic Symp. on EI, Stockholm 2001.
- [23] S. Hvidsten, H. Faremo, J.T. Benjaminsen, E. Ildstad: Condition assessment of water treed service aged XLPE cables by dielectric response measurements. CIGRE Session 2000, paper 21-201.
- [24] N. van Schaik, E.F. Steennis, W. Boone and D.M. van Aartrijk: PD diagnostics on very long and branched cable networks. 17th Nordic Symp. on EI NORD-IS, Stockholm, 2001.
- [25] J.J. Smit: Insulation condition estimation of distribution power cables by on-line and off-line diagnostics. Int. Symp. on EI Materials, Himeij 2001 (Japan), paper K-1.
- [26] E. Lemke: Advanced diagnostic tool for on-site PD measurements of MV and HV power cables. 1a Jornada Técnica Sabre Coordinación de Aislamiento, Madrid 1999.
- [27] E. Lemke, T. Strehl, M. Boltze: Advanced diagnostic tool for PD fault location in power cables using the CDA-technology. 12th ISH, Banaglore 2001, 6-46.
- [28] E. Lemke: Partial discharge detection (PDD) for cable accessories. ETG-PES Summer Meeting, IEEE-Panel, Berlin 1997.
- Bibliografia do Rozdziału 4
- [1] CIGRE Working Group 15.03: Diagnostic Methods for GIS Insulating Systems, CIGRE session 1992, paper 15/23-01, Paris.
- [2] C.M. Cooke, R.E. Wootton, A.H. Cookson: Influence of Particles on AC and DC Electrical Performance of Gas Insulated Systems at Extra-High-Voltage. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-96, No 3, 768-777, May/June 1977.
- [3] M. Holmberg: Motion of Metallic Particles in Gas Insulated Systems. Chalmers Bibliotek, Reproservice, Göteborg 1997.
- [4] CIGRE Joint Working Group 33/23.12: Insulation co-ordination of GIS: Return of experience on-site tests and diagnostic techniques. Electra 1998, No 16, 67-97.
- [5] CIGRE Joint Working Group 33/23.12: Insulation co-ordination of GIS: Questions on the influence of on-site tests and dielectric diagnostics. CIGRE Report 23/33-03, 1992, Paris.
- [6] F.Y. Chu, J.M. Braun: Gas-insulated substation spacer surface degradation analysis. Final Report of Project 1360-10, Ontario Hydro Research Division, 1986.
- [7] A.J.L. Verhage, J. Tom, H.F.A. Verhaart, C.S. Vos: The electrical conductivity of insulators after flashover in SF6. 5th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, 1987, Braunschweig, No 15.11.
- [8] CIGRE Working Group 15.03: Effect of particles on GIS insulation and the evaluation of relevant diagnostic tools. CIGRE Report 15-103, 1994, Paris.
- [9] B.F. Hampton, R.J. Meats: Diagnostic measurements at UHF in gas insulated substations. IEE Proc., 1988, vol. 135, Pt. C, No 2, 137-144.
- [10] CIGRE Working Group 15.03: Long-term performance of SF6 insulated systems. CIGRE Report 15-301, 2002, Paris.
- Bibliografia do Rozdziału 5
- [1] M. Kurtz, J.F. Lyles, G.C. Stone: Application of partial discharge testing to hydro generator maintanance. IEEE Transactions of Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-103, No 8, August 1984, 2148-2157.
- [2] E. Gulski, J.P. Zondervan, A. Zielonka, R. Brooks: PD data base for stator insulation of turbogenerators. Proc. CEIDP, 1997, 546-549.
- [3] E. Binder, A. Drasler, H. Egger, A. Hummer: A comparison between on-and off-line PD measurements of stator windings. ISH, Montreal 1997.
- [4] G.C. Stone, T.E. Goodeve, H.G. Sedding, W. McDermid: Unusual PD pulse phase distributions in operating rotating machines. IEEE Transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation, No 4, August 1995, 567-577.
- [5] G. Pemen: Detection of partial discharges in stator windings of turbine generators, Eindhoven University of Technology, 2000.
- [6] K. Itoh, UY. Kaneda, S. Kitamura, K. Kimura, K. Otoba, T. Tanaka, H. Tokura, I. Okada: On-line partial discharge measurement of turbine generators with new noise rejection techniques on pulse-by-pulse basis. ISEI, Montreal, June 1996.
- [7] G.C. Stone: Practical techniques for measuring PD in operating equipment. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1991, No 4, 9-19.
- [8] W. McDermid, J.C. Bromley: Monitoring rotating machine insulation with the CEA PDA through the use of directional couplers. 18th EEIC Proc., 1987, 120-124.
- [9] J.P. Zondervan, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, R. Brooks: Use of the VHF detection technique for PD pattern analysis on turbogenerators. Int. Symp. on Electrical Insulation, USA, June 1998.
- [10] J.P. Zondervan, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, M.G. Krieg-Wezelenburg: Comparison of on-line and off-line PD analysis on stator insulation of turbogenerators. Int. Symp. on Electrical Insulation, USA, June 1998.
- [11] J.P. Zondervan, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, T. Grun, M. Turner: A new multi-purpose partial discharge analyser for on-site and on-line diagnosis of high voltage components. ISH, London 1999.
- [12] E. Binder, A. Draxler, H. Egger, A. Hummer, M. Muhr, G. Praxl: Experience with on-line and off-line PD measurements of generators. CIGRE session, paper 15-106, Paris 1998.
- [13] B. Fruth, J. Fuhr: Partial discharge pattern recognition - a tool for diagnosis and monitoring of aging. CIGRE session, paper 15/33-12, Paris 1990.
- [14] A. Zielonka, K. Andrzejewski, E. Gulski: Application of digital partial discharge measuring techniques for the diagnosis of high voltage generator insulation. CIGRE session, paper 15/21/33-06, Paris 1996.
- [15] G. Stone: Importance of bandwidth in PD measurement in operating motors and generators. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2000, No 1, 6-11.
- [16] H.J. van Breen, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, H. Verhaart, W. de Leeuw, M. Krieg-Wezelenburg: Standardizing the interpretation of on-line VHF PD Measurements on Turbo Generators. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical insulation, 2002, No 1.
- [17] H.J. van Breen, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, H. Verhaart, W. de Leeuw: The importance of generator operating conditions on PD data evaluation. ISEI, Boston 2002.
- [18] H.J. van Breen, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, H. Verhaart, W. de Leeuw: Experience with on-line PD measurements on generators in frequency and time domain. ISEI, Boston 2002.
- [19] H.J. van Breen, E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, H. Verhaart, W. de Leeuw, M. Krieg-Wezelenburg: Standardizing the interpretation of on-line VHF PD measurements on turbo generators. EIC, Cincinnati 2001.
- [20] A. Contin, A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, G. Pasini, F. Puletti: Digital detection and fuzzy classification of partial discharge signal. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 9, No 3, June 2002.
- [21] A. Cavallini, M. Conti, A. Contin, G.C. Montanari: Automatic Noise Rejection Tools in On-field PD Measurements. Volta Colloquium on Partial Discharges, Coma, September 2001.
- [22] P.J. Brockwell, R.A. Davis: Time Series: Theory and Methods. Springer Verlag, New York 1997.
- [23] G.C. Stone, V. Warren, M. Fenger: Case studies on the effect of humidity on stator winding partial discharge activity. ESEI, Boston 2002.
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