Udarowe właściwości uziemień ochrony odgromowej obiektów budowlanych i elektroenergetycznych

Łoboda, M.

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Udarowe właściwości uziemień ochrony odgromowej obiektów budowlanych i elektroenergetycznych

Autorzy

Łoboda M.

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Surge properties of earth termination systems for lightning protection of structures and power transmission lines

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Praca dotyczy metod obliczania udarowych parametrów uziemień ochrony odgromowej obiektów budowlanych i urządzeń elektroenergetycznych. Dokonano w niej analizy zjawisk decydujących o udarowej rezystancji oraz impedancji uziemienia uziomów skupionych oraz uziomów rozległych. Parametry te są niezbędne do określania rezystancji i impedancji udarowej uziemienia, uziemieniowych spadków napięcia oraz przepięć występujących podczas przewodzenia prądu piorunowego. Podkreślono rolę i wpływ wyładowań elektrycznych w gruncie na udarowe parametry uziomów. Opisano metodykę badań udarowych gruntów i uziomów. Przedstawiono wyniki wykonanych przez autora badań eksperymentalnych oraz dokonano ich analizy. Opracowano nowy model matematyczny opisujący dynamiczną udarową konduktancję gruntu oraz dokonano numerycznej identyfikacji jego parametrów. Przeprowadzono też eksperymenty numeryczne z wykorzystaniem opracowanego modelu udarowej konduktancji, zaimplementowanego do programu obliczeniowego EMTP/ATP. Przedstawiono także metodykę uproszczonych obliczeń udarowej rezystancji uziemienia, przydatną do wstępnej analizy zagrożenia przepięciowego instalacji oraz urządzeń, a także do efektywnego doboru środków ochrony odgromowej obiektów budowlanych i elektroenergetycznych.

The work addresses methods of specific transient parameter calculations of earthing systems for lightning protection of structures and power transmission lines. An overview of the phenomena that influence the surge resistance of concentrated earthing electrodes and transient impedance of longearthing electrodes when dissipating lightning currents into different kinds of soil are discussed thoroughly. Transient impedance or surge resistance of earth termination systems is a fundamental parameter for the assessment of ground potential rises and lightning overvoltages in the case of a direct strike to a structure and/or to overhead transmission lines. It is significantly different from the steady--state earthing electrode parameters which are commonly used in the design of earth termination systems for lightning protection' purposes. Special attention is paid to the role of electrical discharges in the earth during the lightning current flow and their influence on the surge parameters of earthing electrodes. The methodology of experimental surge tests of soil and earthing electrodes in the laboratory are described. The test results of surge experimental investigations performed by the author are analyzed with respect to the influence of surge current parameters and soil type with different values of resistivity. The exemplary plots of voltage-current characteristics for different types of soil are illustrated both for an analog and digital measurement set up. Based on the results of experimental tests the values of the critical voltage gradient necessary for the soil ionization process initiation for different soil types were calculated based on two different methods. The new method for the assessment of the critical gradient when the real resistance of the electrical discharge zone in the soil is taken into account is evaluated. Based on the experimental voltage-current surge characteristics of sandy and clayed soil a new mathematical model of soil dynamic surge conductance is proposed, which was satisfactorily represents the full loop shape in characteristic voltage-current plots. The numerical experiments were performed implementing the proposed model to the ATP version of the Electromagnetic Transient Program - EMTP. A simplified method for the calculation of surge resistance of earthing electrodes is also proposed. It might be useful for engineering calculations of the efficiency of earth termination systems when lightning hazard and lightning overvoltages have to be considered in the process of lightning protection design and management.

Słowa kluczowe

uziemienia ochrona odgromowa przepięcia atmosferyczne wyładowania elektryczne

earthing systems lightning protection electrical discharges in soil

Wydawca

Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej

Czasopismo

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektryka

Rocznik

2003

Tom

z. 125

Strony

3--95

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 136 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Łoboda M.

Instytut Wielkich Mocy i Wysokich Napięć, Wydział Elektryczny, Politechnika Warszawska

Bibliografia

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