Efekty dynamiczne w układach ciecz-gaz z aktywną powierzchnią międzyfazową

• Autorzy: Sosnowski T.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Przedmiotem pracy jest analiza zjawisk dynamicznych, przebiegających przy powierzchni ciecz-gaz w obecności związków powierzchniowo czynnych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na efekty hydrodynamiczne wywoływane przez zaburzenie rozkładu napięcia powierzchniowego, będące skutkiem mechanicznego naruszenia równowagi. Przy wykorzystaniu wyników własnych badań, rozważano: (i) zagadnienia kinetyki adsorpcji surfaktantu i obniżania napięcia powierzchniowego w układach o zmiennej hydrodynamice, (ii) reakcję obszaru powierzchniowego na zaburzenia mechaniczne różnego typu (problem reologii powierzchniowej), (iii) powstawanie efektów Marangoniego w układach z odkształcaną powierzchnią oraz ich wpływ na ruch masy i trwałość pian. Przedyskutowano występowanie i znaczenie dynamicznych efektów powierzchniowych w układach ciecz-gaz stosowanych przemysłowo. Wiele miejsca poświęcono także rozważaniom procesów dynamicznych biegnących w układzie surfaktantu płucnego, który uznano za szczególnie dogodny obiekt do modelowej analizy. Wynika to ze specyfiki tego układu, w którym związki o wysokiej aktywności powierzchniowej są zawarte w cienkiej warstwie cieczy, kontaktującej się z fazą gazową i podlegającej cyklicznym deformacjom w rytm oddychania. Dominującą rolę dynamicznych efektów powierzchniowych w takim układzie wykazano w badaniach doświadczalnych z wykorzystaniem wagi Langmuira i tensjometrii pęcherzykowej oraz przy zastosowaniu modelowania teoretycznego. W rozważanym układzie analizowano efekty hydrodynamiczne, wynikające z gradientów napięcia powierzchniowego, i ich wpływ na ruch masy. Potwierdzono znaczącą rolę efektów Marangoniego w procesach transportowych przebiegających w płucach. Rozważano również problem wykorzystania wyników tensjometrii dynamicznej do oceny właściwości surfaktantu płucnego, decydujących o wypełnianych przezeń funkcjach fizjologicznych. Wskazano na możliwość zaburzenia tych funkcji przez wybrane gazy i aerozole, tworzące zanieczyszczenie powietrza lub zawarte w lekach podawanych drogą inhalacyjną. Wykazano, że zaburzenie to odbywa się na skutek zmian w przebiegu dynamicznych procesów powierzchniowych w układzie surfaktantu płucnego, wywołanych przez efekty natury fizykochemicznej. Postawiono i udowodniono, w pomiarach m vitro, hipotezę dotyczącą mechanizmów oddziaływania wdychanych cząstek i gazów z substancjami powierzchniowo czynnymi obecnymi w płucach, formułując wnioski znajdujące zastosowanie w toksykologii i medycynie. W pracy zaakcentowano znaczenie wykorzystania metod badawczych oraz pojęć z zakresu inżynierii chemicznej i procesowej w rozwiązywaniu problemów fizjologii, wskazując na możliwości, a jednocześnie potrzebę ekspansji nauk technicznych na nowe obszary tematyczne.

EN

This work focuses on the dynamic phenomena at the gas-liquid interface, in the presence of surfactants. Special attention is paid to hydrodynamic effects, induced by the disturbance of the surface tension distribution, as a result of a mechanical departure from the equlibrium. Several problems were analyzed, based on the results of the author's studies: (i) the kinetics of surfac-tant adsorption and surface tension reduction in systems with variable hydrodynamics; (ii) the reaction of the interfacial region to a mechanical disturbance of various kinds (the problem of surface rheology); (iii) the generation of the Marangoni effects in systems with a deformable interface, and their influence on mass transfer and foam stability. The occurrence and significance of dynamic interfacial effects in technologically-relevant gas-liquid systems were discussed. Extensive studies were carried out on the lung surfactant system, which was regarded as a very convenient object for the analysis of the discussed effects. This arises from the extraordinary structure of the system, where highly active surfactants are present in the thin liquid layer that undergoes periodic deformation according to the breathing cycle. The predominant role of the interfacial dynamic effects was demonstrated both through the use of experiments, employing the Langmuir balance and bubble tensiometry, and theoretically, by modeling. The hydrodynamic effects resulting from the surface tension gradients, and their influence on the mass transfer, were analyzed. The significance of the Marangoni effects on transport processes in the lungs was also confirmed. The possibility of using methods of dynamic surface tensiometry in evaluating lung surfactant properties, in respect to physiological functions, was also investigated. It was demonstrated that these functions might be impaired by selected aerosols and gases present in the inhaled air (e.g., contaminants or drugs for inhalation), and that it results from alterations in surface activity caused by physico-chemical effects. The hypothesis of interaction mechanisms between inhaled particles and surfactants in the lungs was formulated and documented during in vitro experiments, which may have important consequences for medicine and toxicology. The work emphasizes the significance of the concepts and methods employed in chemical engineering in the solution of physiological problems. This indicates the possibility and need for the expansion of chemical and process engineering within new scientific areas.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

ciecze; gazy; dynamika płynów; przemiany fazowe

EN

dynamic effects; gas-liquid systems; phase transitions

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Wydziału Inżynierii Chemicznej i Procesowej Politechniki Warszawskiej
• Rocznik: 2006
• Tom: Vol. 30, z. 2
• Strony: 3--141
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 347 poz., tab., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Sosnowski T.

• Zakład Procesów Podstawowych i Ochrony Środowiska, Wydział Inżynierii Chemicznej i Procesowej Politechniki Warszawskiej www.ichip.pw.edu.pl/sosnowski,

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