Termodynamiczne ujęcie procesu starzenia się papieru: Część III. Dyskusja nowego sposobu oceny odporności papieru bezkwasowego na starzenie

• Autorzy: Gonera H. , Dąbrowski J.

Warianty tytułu

EN

A Thermodynamic Approach to the Ageing Process of Paper: Part III. Discussion of a new method of assessing resistance to ageing of acid-free paper

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Artykuł stanowi uzupełnienie dwóch poprzednich publikacji (por. 1), a omówiono w nim wyniki analizy szczególnych postaci modelu starzenia się papieru bezkwasowego w odniesieniu do wskaźnika pochłaniania energii (TEA) i oporu przedarcia (FT) papieru.

EN

The article is a supplement of two previous publications (cf. note 1) on the new explanation of the ageing process reasons for acid-free paper, in which the mathematical relationship between the relative change rate of tensile energy absorption (TEA) and of tear resistance (FT) during artificial ageing of the acid-free paper and thermal parameters of that ageing in dry air could be expressed – as it has been shown experimentally – by equations combining both the elements of the theories of Nissan & Sternstein and the equations of Arrhenius and of Eyring. Therefore, it is possible to extrapolate the results of artificial ageing to natural ageing conditions. The general form of the equation derived is the same for both investigated the properties of the acid-free paper. In the published article the results of the analysis of both ageing model forms are discussed which are speciafic for each one of these paper strength characteristics. It has been shown that both models differ in absolute values of coefficients identified on the basis of regression equations. Introducing the numerical values of these coefficients and assuming that the ageing process takes place at the constant temperature 23°C permitted a substantial simplification of the equations, and this made easier to trace the effects of the technological parameters of the acid-free paper manufacture (its composition and the SR pulp slowness) on resistance of the paper to ageing. Using computer graphic analysis of these patterns showed that the decisive influence on the values of the coefficients appearing in the equations, and thus on the resistance to ageing of the acid-free paper, has a beating degree of its pulp. Its effect on the value of the relative reduction in both studied mechanical properties of the acid-free paper manifests itself only after a relatively long time prediction. The lower limit of 95% prediction interval is proposed to adopt for practical applications of the relative value of property changes in the acid-free paper being a result of its natural ageing. Absolute values of the strength of the acid-free paper after a certain time of its ageing depend not only on the relative rate of change but also on the level of its initial value. On the basis of the comparison curves of the minimum of tear resistance values, corresponding to the lower limit of 95% prediction interval, it can be stated that tear resistance values of the acid-free paper will equalise after a relatively long period of its natural ageing, regardless of the initial values of tear resistance. Using the elaborated model, it can be estimated that the studied handsheets of acid-free paper – which technological parameters has deliberately been limited to the area ensuring its high level of resistance to ageing – will retain sufficient strength after a period of at least 1,000 years. It refers to their natural ageing at 23°C and the moisture content in them less than 5%, ensuring the presence of the water in them in the form of monomolecular adsorption layer; as is the case in the so-called normal storage conditions recommended for long-term storage of paper archival media. Therefore, the model omitted the moisture content in paper, because the content being equivalent to the normal storage conditions will have no significant impact on the number of hydrogen bonds in the paper which determines its mechanical properties. Often emphasized the importance of the moisture is related to its effects rather in conjunction with other external and internal factors, especially the microbiological and chemical ones, and those only slightly depend on the matter of acid-free paper deliberately created for archival purposes.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

papier bezkwasowy; własności wytrzymałościowe; pochłanianie energii przy rozciąganiu (TEA); opór przedarcia (FT); starzenie termiczne; metoda oceny; model matematyczny; prognozowanie trwałości papieru

EN

acid-free paper; strength properties; tensile energy absorption (TEA); tear resistance of paper (FT); thermal ageing; method of assessing; mathematical model; prediction of paper permanence

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT
• Czasopismo: Przegląd Papierniczy
• Rocznik: 2010
• Tom: R. 66, nr 10
• Strony: 589--595
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 20 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Gonera H.

autor

Dąbrowski J.

Bibliografia

• 1. Gonera H., Dąbrowski J.: "Termodynamiczne ujęcie procesu starzenia się papieru. Cz. I. Badania wpływu parametrów sztucznego termicznego starzenia papieru na jego pochłanianie energii przy zerwaniu (TEA)", Przegl. Papiern. 63, 12, 719-727 (2007); "Cz. II. Badania zależności odporności na przedarcie papieru od parametrów jego sztucznego termicznego starzenia". Przegl. Papiern. 64, 2, 97-102 (2008).
• 2. Dąbrowski J.: "Jak długo papier może trwać?", Notes Konserwatorski, 10, 186-231 (2006).
• 3. Van Deventer R., Havermans J., Berkhout S.: "A Comparison of Three Durability Standards for Paper", Restaurator 16, 161-174 (1995).
• 4. Sternstein S.S., Nissan A.H.: "A Molecular Theory of the Visco-Elasticity of a Three-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Network", F. Bolam (ed.): Transactions of the Symposium held at Oxford, September 1961. London 1962, vol. 1, s. 319-349. Nissan A.H.: H-Bond Dissociation in Hydrogen Bond Dominated Solids. W: Macromolecules. 9, 5, 840-850 (1976).
• 5. Nissan A.H., Sternstein S.S.: "Cellulose-Fiber Bonding", Tappi. 47, 1, 1-6 (1964). Nissan A.H., Byrd V.L., Batten G.L. Jr, and Ogden R.W.: "Paper as a H-bond dominated solid in the elastic and plastic regimes", Tappi J. 68, 9, 118-124 (1985).
• 6. Kolseth P., De Ruvo A.: "The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour for the Characterization of Time-, Temperature-, and Humidity-dependent Properties", R.E. Mark (ed.): Handbook of Physical and Mechanical Testing of Paper and Paperboard. New York 1983, Vol.1, s. 255- 322.
• 7. Nissan (por. 4), s. 845, równania nr (49), (50), (51).
• 8. Johanson F., Kubát J.: "Measurements of Stress Relaxation in Paper", Svensk Papperstidning. 67, 20, 822-832 (1964).
• 9. Johanson F., Kubát J., Pattyranie C.: "Internal Stress, Dimensional Stability and Deformation of Paper", Svensk Papperstidning 70, 10, 333-338 (1967).
• 10. Nissan (por. 4), s. 842.
• 11. Gonera/Dąbrowski (por. 1), s. 724.
• 12. Logan S.R.: "The Origin and Status of the Arrhenius Equation", J. Chem. Education 59, 4, 279-281 (1982).
• 13. Keusch P.: "Eyring Equation", www.uni-regensburg.de.
• 14. Batten G. L., Nissan A. H.: "Unified theory of the mechanical properties of paper and other H-bond-dominated solids, Part I", Tappi J. 70, 9, 119-123 (1987).
• 15. International Standard ISO 11108 (First edition 1996-12-15): Information and documentation - Archival paper - Requirements for permanence and durability. Polska Norma PN-ISO 11108 (wrzesień 2001): Informacja i dokumentacja - Papier archiwalny - Wymagania dotyczące trwałości i wytrzymałości.
• 16. Lyne M.B., Jackson M., Ranger A. E.: "The In-Plane, Elmendorf, and Edge Tear Strength Properties of Mixed Furnish Papers", Tappi. 55, 6, 924-932 (1972).
• 17. Gonera/Dąbrowski (por. 1), s.724, tabela 3.
• 18. Gonera/Dąbrowski (por. 1), s.100, rys. 4.
• 19. DIN 6738: 1992-04, DIN 6738: 1999-01. Papier und Karton. Lebensdauer- Klassen.
• 20. Szymański A., Ingielewicz H., Wiśniewska A.: "Papiery trwałe dla poligrafii - Próbna produkcja w Warszawskich Zakładach Papierniczych", Przegl. Papiern. 52, 3 ,119-124 (1996); Brzomiński A., Szymański A., Kawka W., Dąbrowa T., Mudrak W.: "Uruchomienie produkcji trwałych papierów dokumentowych w Polskiej Wytwórni Papierów Wartościowych", Ibid. 58, 2, 95-99 (2002).