EC/OC analysis of particles from 2-S scooters and potentials of improved aftertreatment

• Autorzy: Czerwinski J. , Comte P. , Astorga C. , Rey M. , Reutimann F. , Mayer A.
• Konferencja: Kongres Silników Spalinowych (20-23.05.2007; Kraków, Poland)
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Limited and non-regulated emissions of scooters were analyzed during several annual research programs of the Swiss Federal Office of Environment (RAFU). Small scooters, which are very much used in the congested centers of several cities, are a remarkable source of air pollution. Therefore every effort to reduce the emissions is an important contribution to improve the air quality in urban centers. In the present work detailed investigations of particle emissions of different 2-stroke scooters with direct injection and with carburettor were performed. The nanoparticulate emissions were measured by means of SMPS, (CPC) and NanoMet. Also the particle mass emission (PM) was measured with the same method as for Diesel engines. Extensive analyses of PM-residuum for SOF/INSOF, PAH and toxicity equivalence (TEQ), were carried out in an international project network. Particle mass emission (PM) of 2-S Scooters consists mostly of SOF. The standard coulometric EC/OC-analysis, as well as the analyzer MEXA 1370 PM overestimate the amount of soot due to the effect of "charring", which provokes the heaviest VOC to stay in the sample during the thermal extraction and to be indicated as EC. A solution for this analytical problem is demonstrated. Wiremash Filter Catalyst (WFC) is en efficient measure to intensify the oxidation of the exhaust gas components and to reduce PM, PC, PAH, TEQ and VOC. The presented WFC needs a further development for durability and product integration. WFC is an efficient aftertreatment measure to substantially lower the toxicity of 2-S exhaust gases.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

particle emission of scooters; analytics of OC and EC; exhaust gas aftertreatment 2-S engine; toxicity; nanoparticle emissions of 2-S scooters

PL

emisja cząstek; emisja nanocząstek; toksyczność; spaliny

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
• Czasopismo: Silniki Spalinowe
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: R. 46, nr SC3
• Strony: 165--179
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 20 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Czerwinski J.

autor

Comte P.

autor

Astorga C.

autor

Rey M.

autor

Reutimann F.

autor

Mayer A.

• University of Applied Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland (AFHB)

Bibliografia

• [1] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.; Napoli S, Wili Ph.: Summer Cold Start and Nanoparticulates of Small Scooters. Report B086 for BUWAL (SAEFL) Bern, Lab. For Exhaust Gas Control, Univ. of Appl. Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland, Nov. 2000. SAE Techn. Paper 2002-01-1096.
• [2] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.; Wili Ph.: Summer Cold Start, Limited Emissions and Nanoparticles of 4-stroke Motorcycles. Final report 2001 for BUWAL, Lab. for Exhaust Gas Control, Univ. of Appl. Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland, B098, Nov. 2001. SAE Techn. Paper 2003-32-0025.
• [3] Czerwinski J.; Comte P; Wili Ph.: Summer Cold Start & emissions of different 2-wheelers. Final report 2002 for BUWAL, Lab. For Exhaust Gas Control, Univ. of Appl. Sciences, Bie1-Bienne, Switzerland, B116, Nov. 2002.
• [4] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.: Limited Emissions and Nanoparticles of a Scooter with 2-stroke Direct Injection (TSDI). SAE Techn. Paper 2003-01-2314.
• [5] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.; Wili, Ph.: Emission Factors & Influences on Particle Emissions of Modern 2-Stroke Scooters. Report B 139 for BUWAL (SAEFL) Bern, Lab. for Exh. Gas Control Univ. of Appl. Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland, Oct. 2003.
• [6] IEA, International Energy Agency - Implementing Agreement AMF, Advanced Motor Fuels - Annex XXXIII, see : www.iea-amf.vtt.fi.
• [7] Weilenmann M.; Rudy C.; Novak Ph : Catalyst Behaviour and Emissions of 50ccm Two Stroke Scooters over the first 1'000 km. 14th International Conference "Transport and Air Pollution" TU Graz, A, June 2005, ISBN 3-902465-16-6, Vol. 85-2, p. 164.
• [8] Picini P.; Messale F.; Manni C.; Spezzano P.; Cataldi D.; Santino D.; Donato E. : Two Stroke Mopeds and Four Stroke Scooters : Cold and Hot Total Mass Particulate Emissions. ENEA Italy & Municipality of Rome. Poster at the 14th International Conference "Transport and Air Pollution" TU Graz, A, June 2005.
• [9] Anderson J.; Lance D.; Jemma C.: Dft motorcycle Emissions Measurement Programmes : Unregulated Emissions Results. Ricardo Consulting Engineers, UK, Paper JSAE 20030335.
• [10] Laimbock F.; Trigg R.; Kirchberger R.; Meister G.; Doifstatter M.; Brasseur G.: HYC - A Hybrid Concept with Small Lean Bum Engine, Electrically Heated Catalyst and Asynchronous Motor for Enhanced Performance and ULEV Level Emissions. SAE Paper 991330, AVL Graz, Yamaha Europe, Technical University, Graz.
• [11] Martini G.; Bonnel P.; Krasenbrink A; De Santi G. : Particulate Emissions from Mopeds : Effect of Lubricant and Fuel EU Joint Research Centre, Ispra. 7th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, CH, Aug. 2003. (www.nanoparticles.ethz.ch)
• [12] Schramm, J., Knudsen, C., Mandrupsen, M., Thorhauge, C. "Emissions from a Moped Fuelled by Gasoline/Ethanol Mixtures". Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels (ISAF XV), September 26-28, pp 1-11, 2005.
• [13] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.; Mosimann Th.; Kasper M.; Mayer A: Research of sampling for Particle Analysis of 2-Storke Scooters. Swiss Joint Project A, AFHB, TTM, Matter Eng. 9th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles Zurich Aug. 15-17,2005 (www.nanoparticles.ethz.ch)
• [14] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.; Reutimann, F.: Nanoparticle Emissions of a Dl 2-Stroke Scooter with varying Oil- and Fuel Quality. SAE Techn. Paper 2005-01-1101.
• [15] Czerwinski J.; Comte P.; Larsen, B.; Martini, G.; Mayer, A: Research on Particle Emissions of modem 2-S scooters. SAE Techn. Paper 2006-01-1078.
• [16] Czerwinski, J.; Comte, P.; Napoli, S.; Schadstoffemissionen von Kettensagen mit eingehender Analyse der Partikelemissionen. Bericht z.Hd. BUWAL, AFHB, B069, Feb. 2000.
• [17] Brunner K-P: Emissionsminderungspotential durch Einbau eines Katalysators in Zweiräder mit Zweitaktmotoren. Bericht TOV Automotive GmbH Suddeutschland im Auftrag Ministerium für Umwelt und Verkehr Baden-Wurtemberg, Dez. 2001.
• [18] Astorga, C.; Suurballe, A.; Bech Olsen, M.; Vialaton, D.; Dilara, P.; De Santi, G.; Larsen, B.R. Development of a protocol for the analysis of toxic PAH, azarenes, and their nitro-, hydroxyl-, and oxo-derivatives in emission exhaust and ambient PM. EUR 20560 EN. European Communities, Brussels, 2003.
• [19] EPA. Provisional guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, 1989.
• [20] Astorga c.: Emissions of Particle-bound P AH of 2-S-Scooters with Different Combinations of Oil/Fuel/Engine Technology EU JRC Ispra, Italy. 9th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles Zurich Aug. 15-17, 2005 (www.nanoparticles.ethz.ch).