Ruch pęcherzy gazowych w płynach o wysokiej lepkości w polu sił odśrodkowych

Kiljański, T.

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Ruch pęcherzy gazowych w płynach o wysokiej lepkości w polu sił odśrodkowych

Autorzy

Kiljański T.

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Motion of gas bubbles in highly viscous liquids in the field of centrifugal forces

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Praca dotyczy ruchu pęcherzy gazowych w polu sił odśrodkowych w płynach o bardzo wysokiej lepkości - newtonowskich, nienewtonowskich rozrzedzanych ścinaniem i plastycznolepkich. Głównym celem pracy jest określenie warunków oddzielania pęcherzy od takich płynów z użyciem wirówki i zbadanie wpływu zwiększonych sił masowych w wirówce na zjawiska powierzchniowe, prowadzące do unieruchomienia powierzchni poruszającego się pęcherza. Opracowano metodę obliczania czasu potrzebnego do usunięcia za pomocą wirówki pęcherza w płynach newtonowskich, nienewtonowskich bez granicy płynięcia opisanych równaniem potęgowym i plastycznolepkich opisanych równaniem Herschela-Bulkleya, potwierdzono ją doświadczalnie dla płynów newtonowskich i nienewtonowskich bez granicy płynięcia. W przypadku płynów plastycznolepkich zaproponowana metoda okazała się zadowalająca jedynie w dostatecznie dużej odległości od miejsca ostatecznego zatrzymania pęcherza, w którym pozostaje on nieruchomy mimo działającej na niego siły wyporu. Wykazano, że pęcherze gazowe poruszające się w substancji plastycznolepkiej przybierają kształt wydłużony. Sformułowano postaci kryterium ruchu - warunku, który musi być spełniony, aby pęcherz mógł się poruszać w substancji plastycznolepkiej, dla pęcherzy o kształcie wydłużonym i kulistym, z powierzchnią swobodną i unieruchomioną. Określono wartość tego kryterium na drodze teoretycznej i wyznaczono je na drodze eksperymentu. Wyznaczono też warunek rozpoczęcia ruchu pęcherzy o kształcie nieregularnym, typowym dla pęcherzy w substancjach plastycznolepkich przed rozpoczęciem ich ruchu. Badania ruchu pęcherzy w wirówce wykazały, że unieruchomienie powierzchni pęcherza, prowadzące do spadku prędkości jego ruchu jest w wirówce trudniejsze, niż w polu grawitacyjnym - wzrost przyspieszenia odśrodkowego powoduje przejście powierzchni ze stanu unieruchomionego w swobodny. Wprowadzono pojęcie bezwymiarowej średnicy pęcherza, które pozwoliło uogólnić warunek unieruchomienia powierzchni w polu grawitacyjnym na pole sił odśrodkowych. Wykazano na drodze teoretycznej możliwość ruchu pęcherzy gazowych w dół w polu grawitacyjnym w cieczy w warunkach izotermicznych, jeśli przedtem pęcherz poddany był działaniu siły odśrodkowej i potwierdzono występowanie takiego zjawiska doświadczalnie. Stwierdzono, że zjawisko takie zachodzi, jeśli podczas odwirowywania pęcherza jego powierzchnia była chociaż częściowo unieruchomiona przez gradient napięcia powierzchniowego. Pozwala to sądzić, że zgodnie z przedstawioną teorią, taki wymuszony ruch pęcherza w dół jest spowodowany zjawiskami powierzchniowymi, takimi samymi, jakie prowadzą również do unieruchomienia powierzchni i spadku prędkości naturalnego ruchu pęcherza. Na podstawie badań kryterium ruchu sztywnych kuł w substancji plastycznolepkiej wyprowadzono zależność opisującą siłę oporu ruchu kuli w płynie nienewtonowskim opisanym prawem potęgowym o wykładniku n dążącym do zera. Opracowano metodę wyznaczania granicy płynięcia substancji plastycznolepkiej za pomocą wirówki.

The work is concerned with the motion of gas bubbles in the field of centrifugal forces in highly viscous liquids - Newtonian, non-Newtonian shear-thinning and viscoplastic ones. The main topic of the work is to define the condition for separation of bubbles from liquids of those kinds by means of a centrifuge and to investigate the influence of increased mass forces in the centrifuge on the surface phenomena which lead to the immobilisation of the moving bubble surface. Formulae were derived for the time needed for bubble separation in the centrifuge from Newtonian, shear-thinning power-law liquids as well as viscoplastic Herschel-Bulkley bodies. The formulae were confirmed experimentally for Newtonian and shear-thinning liquids. In the case of viscoplastic bodies, the proposed method proved satisfactory only at a sufficient distance from the place of the terminal standstill of the bubble, where it stays motionless in spite of the buoyancy force. The investigation of the bubble motion in a centrifuge showed that the surface immobilisation which leads to velocity decrease occurs with more difficulty in the centrifuge than in the gravitational field - as a result of the increased centrifugal acceleration the surface becomes mobile. The dimensionless bubble diameter was introduced which made it possible to generalise the criterion for surface immobilisation in the gravitational field onto the field of centrifugal forces. It was shown in theoretical way that gas bubbles can move downwards in an isothermal liquid if they were formerly subjected to the centrifugal force. That phenomenon was also experimentally confirmed. It was found that this effect occurs if during centrifugation the bubble surface was at least partially immobilised by the surface tension gradient. This leads to the conclusion that, according to the presented theory, this forced downward movement of a bubble is due to the surface phenomena which also lead to the surface immobilisation and as a result, to the decrease of the natural bubble movement. It was shown that gas bubbles moving in viscoplastic bodies assume strongly prolate shape. The criterion of motion, i.e. the condition which must be fulfilled for a bubble to move in a viscoplastic body, was formulated for spherical and prolate bubbles with free and immobilised surface. The critical value of this criterion was theoretically derived and experimentally proved. The motion/no motion conditions were also evaluated for the bubbles of irregular shape, typical for bubbles in viscoplastic bodies before the motion begins. On the ground of investigations of the criterion of motion of solid spheres in viscoplastic bodies, the formula was derived which describes the drag on a solid sphere moving in a power-law non-Newtonian liquid with the exponent n tending to zero. The method for evaluation of the yield stress of viscoplastic bodies by means of a centrifuge was elaborated.

Słowa kluczowe

pęcherzyk gazowy ruch w płynach płyny lepkie substancja plastycznolepka ciało kuliste

gas bubbles motion in liquids viscous fluid viscoplastic body spherical body

Wydawca

Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej

Czasopismo

Zeszyty Naukowe. Rozprawy Naukowe / Politechnika Łódzka

Rocznik

2005

Tom

Z. 345

Strony

3--154

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 198 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Kiljański T.

Politechnika Łódzka. Wydział Inżynierii Procesowej i Ochrony Środowiska

Bibliografia

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