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Effect of surface water treatment on microcystins degradation by chlorination
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wpływem usuwania domieszek występujących w wodzie naturalnej na skuteczność destrukcji mikrocystyn (MC) w procesie chlorowania. W badaniach wykorzystano wodę naturalną pobieraną ze Zbiornika Sulejowskiego, którą zanieczyszczono dodatkowo ekstraktem zawierającym MC. Wodę poddawano oczyszczaniu w procesie filtracji oraz porównawczo koagulacji i filtracji. Chlorowanie prowadzono z użyciem podchlorynu sodu. Badania obejmowały wpływ dawki chloru na stopień usuwania MC z wody oraz zależność stopnia destrukcji MC od czasu kontaktu z chlorem. Stwierdzono, że efektywność destrukcji MC wzrastała wraz ze zwiększaniem stopnia usuwania domieszek wody. Destrukcja MC następowała we względnie krótkim czasie, wynoszącym 15 minut. Wymagana dawka chloru umożliwiająca destrukcję MC była pięciokrotnie mniejsza w przypadku wody oczyszczonej w procesie koagulacji i filtracji niż wody surowej.
Periodical occurance of intense blue-green algal blooms in impounded water which is used for municipal supply is an indication of the elevated nutrient level. Some blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) such as Microcystis produce cyclic heptapeptide toxins including microcystins (MCs). MCs are commonly classed as hepatotoxins due to the damage of liver cells after consumption. There are currently known more than 70 structural variations of MCs. That diversity is caused by the presence of variant amino-acids. MC-LR is the most toxic among them. MCs can be removed during water treatment by activated carbon or by ozonation but these methods are relatively expensive. Chlorination may be an effective and practical method for the removal of MCs from drinking water. The drawback of this process is the formation of undesirable byproducts in the case of organic matter presence in the treated water. Chlorine is the reagent commonly employed in the disinfection of drinking water. The low natural organics concentration ensures the target compounds (MCs) destruction. Results of the investigations on the effect of natural organic matter removal on MCs degradation by chlorination during surface water treatment are presented in the article. Natural surface water taken from the Sulejów Reservoir contaminated additionally with MCs generated by the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa was purified in the laboratory by the application of filtration or coagulation/filtration methods. The MCs concentrations were similar to those typically observed in raw water (about 10 mg/l). Sodium hypochlorite was used as a chlorinating agent. Effect of chlorine dosage and contact time on the MCs degradation was assessed in this work. The destruction of the toxins was monitored using three methods including PPIA (Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay), ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) and HPLC-DAD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The kinetics of the MCs destruction and chlorine consumption for the chlorination of natural organic matter with an excess of chlorine was investigated. MCs destruction and chlorine consumption could be described by second order kinetics. Rate constants for MCs destruction were between 0.027 l/mg min. for MC-LR, similar to that obtained for total MCs (0.016 l/mg min.) and 0.077 l/mg min. for MC-YR (pH = 7). It was stated that toxins degradation efficiency increased as the water contamination decreased. Degradation of MCs took place within relatively short time of 15 minutes. Rate constants for the destruction of total MCs were of 0.042 l/mg min. in the water after filtration and 0.079 l/mg min in the water after coagulation/filtration processes when the pH was equal 7. The required dosage of chlorine for the MCs destruction was five times lower when water treatment by the coagulation/filtration processes was applied.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
277--289
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 11 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Politechnika Częstochowska, Instytut Inżynierii Środowiska ul, Brzeźnicka 60a, 42-200 Częstochowa
autor
- Uniwersytet Łódzki, Katedra Ekologii Stosowanej, ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Łódź
autor
- Międzynarodowe Centrum Ekologii PAN, ul. Tylna 3, 90-950 Łódź
autor
- Politechnika Łódzka, Studium Doktoranckie, Wydział Inżynierii Procesowej i Ochrony Środowiska, ul. Wólczańska 213/215, 90-924 Łódź
Bibliografia
- [1] Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 19 listopada 2002 r. w sprawie wymagań dotyczących jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi, DzU Nr 203, poz. 1718.
- [2] Hoffman J.R.H., Removal of Microcystis toxins in water purification processes, Water SA 1976, 2(4), 58-60.
- [3] Keijola A.M., Himberg K., Esala A.L., Sivonen K., Hiisvirta L., Removal of cyanobacterial toxins in water treatment processes: laboratory and pilot-scale experiments, Toxicity Assessment: An International Journal 1988, 3, 643-656.
- [4] Himberg K., Keijola A.M., Hiisvirta L., Pyysalo H., Sivonen K., The effect of water treatment processes on the removal of hepatotoxins from Microcystis and Oscillatoria cyanobacteria: A Laboratory Study, Wat. Res. 1989, 8, 979-984.
- [5] Nicholson B.C., Rositano J., Burch M.D., Destruction of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins by chlorine and chloramines, Wat. Res. 1994, 28(6), 1297-1303.
- [6] Tsuji K., Watanuki T., Kondo F., Watanabe M.F., Nakazawa H. Suzuki M., Uchida H, Harada K.-I., Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria - IV. Effect of chlorination on decomposition, Toxicon 1997, 35(7), 1033-1041.
- [7] Lambert T.W., Holmes C.F.B., Hrudey S.E., Adsorption of microcystin-LR by activated carbon and removal in full scale water treatment, Wat. Res. 1996, 30(6), 1411-1422.
- [8] Senogles P., Shaw G., Smith M., Norris R., Chiswell R., Mueller J., Sadler R., Eaglesham G., Degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin, from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, by chlorination, Toxicon 2000, 38(9), 1203-1213.
- [9] Jodłowski A., Działanie chloru i ozonu na mikrocystyny w środowisku wodnym, Ochrona Środowiska 2003, 3, 49-52.
- [10] Ward C.J., Beattie K.A., Lee E.Y.C., Codd G.A., Colorymetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay of laboratory strains and natural blooms of cyanobacteria: comparisons with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for microcystins, FEM Microbiol. Lett. 1997, 153, 465-473.
- [11] Ueno Y., Nagata S., Tsutsumi T., Hasegawa A., Yoshida Y., Suttajt M., Mebs D., Puts M., Vasconcelos V., Survey of microcystins in environmental water by a highly sensitive immunoassay on monoclonal antibody, Natural Toxins 1996, 4, 271-276.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-LOD3-0004-0034