Towards field measurement of populations of methane gas bubbles in marine sediment: an inversion method required for interpreting two-frequency insonification data from sediment containing gas bubbles

Leighton, T.; Mantouka, A.; White, P.; Klusek, Z.

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Towards field measurement of populations of methane gas bubbles in marine sediment: an inversion method required for interpreting two-frequency insonification data from sediment containing gas bubbles

Autorzy

Leighton T. , Mantouka A. , White P. , Klusek Z.

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

This paper describes a key stage in the process for developing a new device for the measurement of gas bubbles in sediment. The device is designed to measure gas bubble populations within the top 2 m of marine sediments, and has been deployed at inter-tidal sites along the South coast of England. Acoustic techniques are particularly attractive for such purposes because they can be minimally invasive. However they suffer from the limitation that their results can be ambiguous. Therefore it is good practice to deploy more than one acoustic technique at time. The new device does just this, but it is designed with the practical economy that the task is accomplished with the minimum number of transducers. One of the measurement techniques relies on insonifying the sediment with two frequencies. This paper outlines how the bubble size distribution is inferred through inversion of the signals detected when two frequencies are projected into the sediment. The high attenuation of the sediment makes this interpretation far more difficult that it would be in water. This paper outlines these difficulties and describes how they can be overcome.

Słowa kluczowe

methane marine sediment gas bubbles

Wydawca

Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne. Oddział Gdański

Czasopismo

Hydroacoustics

Rocznik

2008

Tom

Vol. 11

Strony

203--224

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 90 poz., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Leighton T.

autor

Mantouka A.

autor

White P.

autor

Klusek Z.

Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK, tgl@soton.ac.uk

Bibliografia

1. T. G. Leighton, A. D. Phelps, and D. G. Ramble, "Bubble detection using Iow amplitudę ile acoustic techniąues," Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Underwater stics, Heraklion (ed. J. Papadakis), pp. 1143-1147, 1996.
2. T. G. Leighton, D. G. Ramble, and A. D. Phelps, "The detection of tethered and rising bubbles «sing multiple acoustic techniąues," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. J01(5), pp. 2626-2635, 1997.
3. B. N. Robb, T. G. Leighton, V. F. Humphrey, A. I. Best, J. K. Dix, and Z. Klusek, restigating acoustic propagation in gassy marinę sediments using a bubbly gel mimie," edings of the Second International Conference on Underwater Acoustic Measurements, nologies and Results, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 25-29 June, pp. 31-38, 2007.
4. G. Judd, and M. Hovland, "The evidence of shallow gas in marinę sediments," Cont. Shelf,Vol. 12(10), pp. 1081-1095, 1992.
5. Fkischer, T. H. Orsi, M. D. Richardson, and A. L. Anderson, "Distribution of free gas in ne sediments: a global overview, Geo-Marine Letters, Vol. 21, pp. 103-122, 2001.
6. A. R. Tinkle, K. R. Wener, and C. A. Meeder, "Seismic no-data zone, offshore 1 Mississippi delta: Part 1-Acoustic characterisation," Proceedings to the 20th Offs Technology Conference (Houston), pp. 65-74, 1988.
7. A. I. Best, M. D. J. TufFin, J. K. Dix, and J. M. Buli, "Tidal height and freąuency depen of acoustic velocity and attenuation in shallow gassy marinę sediments," J. Geophys. Vol. 109, Art. No. B08101, 2004.
8. K. Andreassen, P. E. Hart, and M. MacKay, "Amplitudę versus offset modelling of the stimulated reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates," Mar. Geol, Vol. 137, pp. 40, 1997.
9. F. K. Levin, "The seismic properties of Lake Maracaibo," Geophysics, Vol. 27, pp. 3 1962.
10. M. P. Hochstein, "Seismic measurements in Suva Harbour (FIJI)," New Zeal. J. Geophys., Vol. 13, pp. 269-281, 1970.
11. G. H. Lee, D. C. Kim, H. J. Kim, H. T. Jou, Y. J. Lee, and S. C. Park, "Shallow gas off southeastern cost of Korea," Proceedings to the VIII International Conference on Gas Marinę Sediments (Vigo), pp. 87-89, 2005.
12. P. Hempel, V. Spiess, and R. Schreiber, "Expulsion of shallow gas in the Skag Evidence from subbotton profiling, seismic, hydroacoustic and geochemical data," E. Coast. ShelfScL, Vol. 38, pp. 583-601, 1994.
13. T. S. Edrington, and T. M. Calloway, "Sound speed and attenuation measurements in g sediments in the Gulf of Mexico," Geophysics, Vol. 49, pp. 297-299, 1984.
14. J. L. Jones, C. B. Leslie, and L. E. Barton, "Acoustic characteristics of underwater bottom, Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 36, pp. 154-157, 1964.
15. P. S. Wilson, A. H. Reed, W. T. Wood, and R. A. Roy, "Low freąuency sound speci' measurements paired with computed X-Ray tomography imaging in gas-bearing reconstitmoł natural sediments," Proceedings to the 2nd International conference on Underwater acoustiĄ measurements: Technologies andResults (Heraklion), pp. 21-29, 2007.
16. B. S. Hart, and T. S. Hamilton, "High-resolution acoustic mapping of shallow gas unconsolidated sediments beneath the strait of Geogia, British Columbia," Geo-Mar. LetL. Vol. 13, pp. 49-55, 1993.
17. J. L. Jones, C. B. Leslie, and L. E. Barton, "Acoustic characteristics of a lake bottom", i Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 30, pp. 142-145, 1958.
18. A. B. Wood, and D. E. Weston, "The propagation of sound in mud," Acustica, Vol. 14, pp. 156-162, 1964.
19. S. S. Fu, R. H. Wilkens, and L. N. Frazer, "In situ velocity profiles in gassy sediments: Kid Bay," Geo-Marine Letters, Vol. 16, pp. 249-253, 1996.
20. P. E. Keplay, and R. C. Cooke, "Velocity of sound as a function of bubble distribution in gas-bearing sediments," Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 5, pp. 1071-1073, 1978.
21. S. K. Addy, and J. L. Worzel, "Gas seeps and subsurface structure off Panama city, Florida," AAPGBull. Vol. 63, pp. 668-675,1979.
22. T. J. Gorgas, R. H. Wilkens, S. F. Shung, L. N. Frazer, M. D. Richardson, K. B. Briggs, and H. Lee, "In situ acoustic and laboratory ultrasonic sound speed and attenuation measured in heterogeneous soft seabed sediments: Eel River shelf, California," Mar. Geol., Vol. 182, pp. 103-119, 2002.
23. Wilkens, and M. D. Richardson, "The influence of gas bubbles on sediment acoustic bes: in situ, laboratory, and theoretical results from Eckernfbrde Bay, Baltic sea," Cont. Bo., Vol. 18, pp. 1859-1892, 1998.
24. Gardiner, "An acoustic study of soils that model seabed sediments containing gas 'J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 107, pp. 163-176, 2000.
25. W. L.Nyborg, I. Rudnick, and H.K. Schilling, "Experiments on acoustic absorption in sandJ. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 22, pp. 422-425, 1950.
26. A.L.Anderson, and L. D. Hampton, "Acoustics of gas bearing sediments I, Background," J. Soc. Am., Vol. 67, pp. 1865-1889, 1980.
27. H. Brandt,"Factors affecting compressional wave velocities in unconsolidated marinę sand 'J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 32, pp. 171-179, 1960.
28. Hampton, and A. L. Anderson, "Acoustics and gas in sediments: Applied Research (ARL) experience," in Natural gas in marinę sediments, edited by LR. Kapłan, Press, New York, pp 249-273, 1974.
29. S. N. Domenico, "Effect of brine-gas mixture on velocity in an unconsolidated sand ' Geophysics, Vol. 41, pp. 882-894,1976.
30. S. N. Domenico, "Elastic properties of unconsolidated porous sand reservoirs," Geophysics, l42.pp. 1339-1368, 1977.31
31. D.C. Kim, J. Y. Yeo, G. H. Lee, and S. C. Park, "Seismic characteristics and physical ; of gas-bearing sediment in the Jinhae Bay, the South Sea of Korea," Proceedings to International Conference on Gas in Marinę Sediments (Vigo), pp. 185-190, 2005.
32. F. Yuan, J. D. Bennell, and A. M. Davis, "Acoustic and physical characteristics of gassy in the western Irish Sea," Cont. ShelfRes., Vol. 12, pp. 1121-1134,1992.
33. N. C. Slowey, W. R. Bryant, and D. N. Lambert, "Comparison of high-resolution seismic and the geoacoustic properties of Eckernforde Bay sediments," Geo-Mar. Lett., Vol. 240-248,1996.
34. Elliot, and B. F. Wiley, "Compressional velocities of partially saturated unconsolidated ' Geophysics, Vol. 40, pp. 949-954, 1975.
35. T.G. Leighton, "Theory for acoustic propagation in marinę sediment containing gas bubbles may pulsate in a non-stationary nonlinear manner, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 7607, doi:10.1029/2007GL030803, 2007.
36. T. G. Leighton, "A method for estimating sound speed and the void fraction of bubbles from m sonar images of gassy seabeds, ISVR Technical Report No. 320, University of ton, 2007.
37. T. G. Leighton, "Theory for acoustic propagation in solid containing gas bubbles, with ions to marinę sediment and tissue, ISVR Technical Report No. 318, University of -ton, 2007.
38. G. B. N. Robb, T. G. Leighton, V. F. Humphrey, A. I. Best, J. K. Dix, and Z. Klusek, igating acoustic propagation in gassy marinę sediments using a bubbly gel mimie, Technical Report 315, University of Southampton, 2007.
39. S. J. Wheeler, and T. N. Gardiner, "Elastic moduli of soils containing large gas bubbles,"hniąue, Vol. 39(2), pp. 333-342, 1989.
40. G. C. Sills, S. J. Wheeler, S. D. Thomas, and T. N. Gardiner, "Behaviour of offshore soils g gas bubbles," Geotechniąue, Vol. 41(2), pp. 227-241, 1991.
41. A. G. Judd, "The global importance and context of methane escape from the seabed." Marinę Letters, Vol. 23, pp. 147-154, 2003.
42. T. G. Leighton, and G. J. Heald, "Chapter 21: Very high freąuency coastal acousti Acoustical Oceanography: Sound in the Sea (Cambridge University Press) (H. editor), pp. 518-547, 2005.
43. T. G. Leighton, D. G. Ramble, and A. D. Phelps, "Comparison of the abilities of acoustic techniąues for bubble detection," Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, V (8),pp. 149-160, 1995.
44. T. G. Leighton, P. R. Birkin, M. Hodnett, B. Zeąiri, J. F. Power, G. J. Price, T. M Plattes, N. Dezhkunov, and A. J. Coleman, "Characterisation Of Measures Of Refi Acoustic Cavitation (COMORAC): An experimental feasibility trial," in: Bubble and Dynamics in Acoustic Fields: Modern Trends and Applications (A. A. Doinikov, (Research Signpost, Kerala), pp. 37-94, 2005.
45. S. Vagle, and D. M. Farmer, "A comparison of four methods for bubble size and void measurements," IEEE Journal of Oceanie Engineering, Vol. 23(3), pp. 211-222, 1998.
46. T. G. Leighton, A. D. Phelps, and D. G. Ramble, "Acoustic bubble sizing: From labo the surf sone trials," Acoustic Bulletin, Vol. 21, pp. 5-12, 1996.
47. T. G. Leighton, A. D. Phelps, and D. G. Ramble, and D. A. Sharpe, "Comparison a£ abilities of eight acoustic techniąues to detect and size a single bubble," Ultrasonics, VoL pp. 661-667, 1996.
48. T. G. Leighton, M. D. Simpson, S. D. Meers, P. R. White, G. J. Heald, H. A. Dumbrell, J.' L. Ciarkę, P. R. Birkin, and Y. Watson, "Abstract on: Surf-zone bubble detection multiple techniąues: The Worbarrow Bay experiment," Journal of the Acoustical Soc1 America, Vol. 108(5), pp. 2493, 2000.
49. T. G. Leighton, S. D. Meers, M. D. Simpson, J. W. L. Ciarkę, G. T. Yim, P. R. Birkin, Y Watson, P. R. White, G. J. Heald, H. A. Dumbrell, R. L. Culver, and S. D. Richards, Hurst Spit experiment: The characterization of bubbles in the surf zone using multiple a techniąues," in 'Acoustical Oceanography', Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 23(2), pp. 227-234, 2001.
50. I. N. Didenkulov, S. I. Muyakshin, and D. A. Selivanovsky, "Bubble counting in subsurface ocean layer," in 'Acoustical Oceanography', Proceedings of the Institute Acoustics Vol. 23 Part 2, T.G Leighton, G.J Heald , H. Griffiths and G. Griffiths, ( Institute of Acoustics, pp. 220-226, 2001.
51. L. A. Ostrovsky, A. M. Sutin, I. A. Soustova, A. L. Matveyev, and A.I. Potapov, "NonJ scattering of acoustic waves by natural and artificially generated subsurface bubble layers sea," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 113, pp. 741-749, 2003.
52. T. G. Leighton, "From seas to surgeries, from babbling brooks to baby seans: The aco" of gas bubbles in liąuids," International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 18(25), pp. 3 3314, 2004.
53. C. S. Clay, and H. Medwin, Acoustical Oceanography (Wiley, New York), 1977.
54. H. Medwin, and C. S. Clay, Fundamentals of Acoustical Oceanography, (Academic P 1998.
55. T. G. Leighton (editor), Natural Physical Processes Associated With Sea Surface, University of Southampton), 1997.
56. G. Leighton, G. J. Heald, H. Griffiths and G. Griffiths (editors), Acoustical Oceanography, «eedings of the Institute of Acoustics Vol. 23 Part 2, (Bath University Press), 2001.
57. H. Medwin (editor) Acoustical Oceanography: Sound in the Sea (Cambridge University ), 2004.
58. W. Commander, and A. Prosperetti, "Linear pressure waves in bubbly liąuids: arison between theory and experiments," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 85, pp. 732-746,
59. K. Meh/ille, E. Terrill, and F. Veron, "Bubbles and turbulence under breaking waves," in: Tal Physical processes Associated with Sea Surface Sound (ed. T.G. Leighton), ersity of Southampton, pp. 135-146, 1997.
60. A. Dumbrell, "Comparison of excess attenuation and backscatter measurements of ship es," in Natural Physical processes Associated with Sea Surface Sound (ed. T.G. Leighton) iversityof Southampton), pp. 171-178, 1997.
61. J. Terrill, and W. K. Melville, "Broadband acoustic techniąue for measuring bubble size "bution: laboratory and shallow water measurements," J. Atmos. Oceanie Technol, vol. ,pp. 220-239, 1998.
62. R. Duraiswami, P. Sankar, and G.L. Chahine, "Bubble counting using an inverse acoustic ring method,"y. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 104, pp. 2699-2717, 1998.
63. J. Terrill, G. Lada, and W. K. Melville, "Surf zone bubble populations," in Acoustical nography (eds. T.G. Leighton, G.J. Heald, H. Griffiths and G. Griffiths), Proceedings of pK Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 23 Part 2, Institute of Acoustics, pp. 212-219, 2001.
64. Medwin, "Counting Bubbles Acoustically: a Review," Ultrasonics, Vol. 1, pp. 7-13, 1977.
65. W. Commander, and R. J. McDonald, Finite-element solution of the inverse problem in _tble swarm acoustics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89(2), pp. 592-597, 1991. ,
66. T. G. Leighton, S. D. Meers, and P. R. White, "Propagation through nonlinear time-tpendent bubble clouds, and the estimation of bubble populations from measured acoustic kfaracteristics," Proceedings ofthe Royal SocietyA, Vol. 460(2049), pp. 2521-2550, 2004. IT. “
67. T.G. Leighton, "What is ultrasound?" Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. ^B, Issues 1-3, pp. 3-83, 2007.
68. V. G. Welsby, and M. H. Safar, "Acoustic nonlinearity due to micro-bubbles in water," Acustica, Vol. 22, pp. 177-182, 1968/70.
69. E. A. Zablotskaya, and S. I. Soluyan, "Emission of harmonie and combination-freąuency ves by air bubbles," Phys. Acoust., Vol. 18, pp. 396-398, 1973.
70. E. A. Zablotskaya, and S. I. Soluyan, "Nonlinear wave propagation in a liąuid containingormly distributed air bubbles," Phys. Acoust., Vol. 19, pp. 442-444, 1974.
71. D. L. Miller, "Ultrasonic detection of resonant cavitation bubbles in a flow tube by their acond-harmonic emissions," Ultrasonics, Vol. 19, pp. 217-224, 1981.
72. A. Yu. Sokolov, and A. M. Sutin, "Scattering of the second harmonie of an acoustic wave in aliąuid containing gas bubbles," Sov. Phys. Acoust., Vol. 29, pp. 59-61, 1983.
73. L. M. Kustov, V. E. Nazarov, and A. M. Sutin, "Nonlinear sound scattering by a bubble hyer," Sov. Phys. Acoust., Vol. 32, pp. 500-503, 1986.
74. V. L. Newhouse, and P. M. Shankar, "Bubble size measurement using the nonlinear mixing of two freąuencies," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 75, pp. 1473-1477, 1984.
75. V. A. Zverev, Yu. A. Kobelev, D. A. Selivanovski, and A. Yu. Sokolov, "M© exposing gas bubbles in a fluid," Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., Vol. 25, pp. 897-898, 1980.
76. L. A. Ostrovsky, and A. M. Sutin, "Nonlinear sound scattering from subsurface layers," in Natura! physical sources of underwater sound, Kerman BR, ed. Kluwer ai publishers (Dordrecht, The Netherlands), pp. 363-370, 1993.
77. O. Ya. Butkovsky, E. A. Zablotskaya, Yu. A. Kravtsov, V.G. Petnikov, and V.V. R "Possibilities of active nonlinear spectroscopy of inhomogeneous condensed media, Phys. Slov., Vol. 36, pp. 58-63, 1986.
78. Yu. A. Ilinskii, and E. A. Zablotskaya, "Cooperative radiation and scattering of waves by gas bubbles in liąuids," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 92, pp. 2837-2841, 1992.
79. G. Du, and J. Wu, "Comparisons between two approaches for solvingnonlinear ra from a bubble in a liąuid," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 87, pp. 1965-1967, 1990.
80. G. Du, and J. Wu, "Comments on "Comparisons between two approaches for nonlinear radiations from a bubble in a liąuid"", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 94, pp. 2446, 1
81. E. A. Zablotskaya, "Response to "Comparisons between two approaches for nonlinear radiations from a bubble in a liąuid"", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 94, pp. 2448,1
82. Z. Kluzek, I. A. Soustova, and A. M. Sutin, "Nonlinear incoherent scattering of ai waves by a bubble layer," Acoustical Physics, Vol. 42, pp. 568-575, 1996.
83. S. V. Karpov, Z. Klusek, A. L.Matveev, A. I.Potapov, and A. M.Sutin, "Nonlinear inte: of acoustic waves in gas-saturated marinę sediments," Acoust. Phys., Vol. 42, pp. 4i 1996.
84. A. D. Phelps, and T. G. Leightoh, "High resolution bubble sizing through detection of subharmonic response with a two freąuency excitation techniąue," Journal of the Aco, Society of America, Vol. 99, pp. 1985-1992, 1996.
85. C. Devin, "Survey of Thermal, Radiation, and Viscous Damping of Pulsating Air Bubble Water,"7. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 31(12), pp. 1654-1667, 1959.
86. A. I. Eller, "Damping Constants of Pulsating Bubbles," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 47(5), 1469-1470, 1970.
87. A. D. Phelps and T. G. Leighton, "Oceanie bubble population measurements using a boni deployed combination freąuency techniąue," IEEE Journal of Oceanie Engineering, \'m 23(4), pp. 400-410, 1998.
88. A. M. Sutin, S. W. Yoon, E. J. Kim and I.N. Didenkulov. "Nonlinear acoustic method fij bubble density measurements in water", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103 (5), pp. 2377-23IB 1998.
89. T. G. Leighton, "Acoustic bubble detection. I. The detection of stable gas bodia,! Environmental Engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 9-16, 1994.
90. P. M. Morse, and H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, McGraw-Hill, pp. 1495-1 1953.

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BWMA-0018-0045