Alternatywy i perspektywy czynników do agregatów chłodniczych. Cz. 1

• Autorzy: Calm J. M.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Options and outlook for chiller refrigerants. Part 1

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Zwrócono uwagę na wcześniejsze możliwości i aktualne alternatywy doboru czynnika chłodniczego. Omówiono wpływ czynników w skali globalnej na środowisko naturalne,a mianowicie niszczenie ozonu stratosferycznego oraz zmiany klimatu.Przedstawiono historię płynów roboczych do urządzeń sprężarkowych,a także wskazano na cechy idealnego płynu niskowrzącego do tych urządzeń.

EN

Attention has been paid to the options and outlook for choice of chiller refrigerants.The global effects of refrigerating media on the environment,such as depletion of the stratosferic ozone layer as well as global change of the climate have been discussed in the paper.The history of the refrigerating media for compressor refrigeration devices has been presented.The features of the ideal refrigerants have been discussed in the paper.

• Wydawca: Inżynierskie Przedsiębiorstwo Produkcyjno-Usługowe "MASTA" Spółka z o.o.
• Czasopismo: Technika Chłodnicza i Klimatyzacyjna
• Rocznik: 2003
• Tom: nr 3
• Strony: 99--104
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 22 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Calm J. M.

• Engineering Consultant, 10887 Woodleaf Lane, Great Falls,VA 22066-3003 USA,

Bibliografia

• 1. Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA, 1987.
• 2. 2. United Nations Environinent Programme (UNEP), Handbook for the International Treaties for the Proteclion of the Ozone Layer (fifth edition), Ozone Sccretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, 2000
• 3 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA, 1997
• 4. J. M. Calm and D. A. Didion : "Trade-Offs in Refrigerant Selections: Past, Present, and Futurę," Refrigerants for the 21 st Century, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 6-! 9,1997; in Japanese (translation by S. Sakaida) in Reiio, 73(847):433-444, May 1998; International Journal of Refrigera-tion,21(4):308-321, June 1998
• 5. R. C. Downing : Fluorocarbon Refrigerants Handbook, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.NJ, USA, 1988
• 6. B. A. Nagengast: "A History of Refri¬gerants," CFCs: Time of Transition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 1989
• 7. R. Thevenot: A History of Refrigeration Throush-out ihe World. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1979
• 8.. M. O. McLinden andD. A. Didion: "Quest for Alternatives," ASHRAE Journal, 29( l2):32-36.38,40,and42,December 1987
• 9. J. M. Calm, "Emissions and Environmental Impacts from Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Systemy" Joint IPCC-TEAP Expert Meeting on Limiting the Emissions of HFCs and PFCs (Petten, The Netherlands, 26-28 May 1999), Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the Worid Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, and Technical and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 1999
• 10. J. M. Calm, D. J. Wuebbles, and A. K. Jain, "Impacts on Global Ozone and Climate from Use and Emission of 2,2-Di-chloro-1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (HCFC-123)," Journal of Climatic Change, 42:439474, June 1999
• 11. C. Kroeze and L. Reijnders, "Halocarbons and Global Warming," Science of the Total Environment, Part I - 111(1): 1-24, Part II - 112(2-3):269-290, and Part III -112(2-3): 291*314,1992
• 12. S. O. Anderson and E. T. Morehouse, "The Ozone Challenge," ASHRAE Journal, 39(9):33-36, September 1997
• 13. D. J. Wuebbles and J. M. Calm, "An Environmental Rationale for Retention of Endangered Chemicals," Science, 278(5340): 1090-1091, 7 November 1997
• 14. World Meteorological Organization ( W M O ) , Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998,chaired by D. L. Albritton, P. J. Aucamp, G. Megie, and R. T. Watson, report 44, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzerland; United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya: National Oceanie and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Washington, DC. USA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Washington. DC, USA; and the European Commission, Directorate General XII - Science. Research and Development, Brussels. Belgium; February 1999
• 15. P. A. Domański, D. A. Didion, and J. P. Doyle: "Evaluation of SuctionLine - Liquid Line Heat Exchange in the Refrigeration Cycle," International Journal of Refrigeration, 17(7):487-493, September 1994
• 16. P. A. Domański: "Minimizing Throttling Losses in the Refrigeration Cycle," Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration, International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:766-773,1995
• 17. Inputs for AFEAS/DOE Phase 3 Study of Energy and Global Warming Impacts. Arlington, VA: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), November 1996
• 18. Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1997, American Society of Heating. Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1997: Addenda to Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, Addenda 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, and 34f, ASHRAE, 1999; Addenda to Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, Addenda 34h, 34j, and 34k. ASHRAE, 2000
• 19. J. M. Calm : "Refrigerant Safety," ASHRAE Journal, 36(7): 17-26, July 1994
• 20. Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, August 1994; Emergency Interim 4. Standards Action for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994. ASHRAE, May 1998; Addendum to Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration. ASHRAE, Addendum 15c,2000
• 21. J. M. Calm : "The Toxicity of Refrigerants," Proceedings of the 1996 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette. IN, 157-162,July 1996
• 22. J. M. Calm: 'Toxicity Data to Determine Refrigerant Concentration Limits," report DOE/CE/23810-110, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, USA, September 2000