A syntactic recognizer for Arabic characters

• Autorzy: Cowell J. , Hussain F.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Commercial OCR systems for high quality Latin characters are widely available. However, the recognition of Arabic characters, particularly those of poor quality, is still an important research area. This paper gives details of two recognition systems for isolated Arabic characters based on the extraction of critical features. The limitations of this approach and its successful extension to a syntactic recognition system are discussed. The syntactic system uses a new web grammar, in which the critical features are nodes and a set of operators describes the spatial relationships between them. The approach used is insensitive to variations in the size and orientation of the characters and even the relative lengths of strokes. The described system has been implemented and the theoretical behaviour of this approach is supported by the experimental results.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

syntactic pattern recognition; web grammars; OCR; Arabic characters

• Wydawca: Institute of Information Technology of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
• Czasopismo: Machine Graphics and Vision
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: Vol. 16, No. 1/2
• Strony: 57--83
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 33 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Cowell J.

autor

Hussain F.

• Centre for Computational Intelligence, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, England,

Bibliografia

• [1] Freeman H.: On the encoding of arbitrary geometric configurations. IRE Trans. On Electronic Computer EC-10. Part. 2, 1961.
• [2] Eden M.: Handwriting and pattern recognition. IRE Trans. On Information Theory, vol. IT-8, 1962.
• [3] Pfaltz J., Risefeld A.: Web grammars. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on A.I. Washington, 1969.
• [4] Shaw A.: A formal picture description scheme as a basis for picture processing systems. Information and Control, 14(1): 9-52, January, 1969.
• [5] Toussaint G., Donaldson R.: Algorithm for recognising contour traced hand printed characters. IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. C-19, 1970.
• [6] Yamamoto K., Mori S.: Recognition of hand-written characters by outermost point method. Pro-ceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, Kyoto, 1970.
• [7] Badie K., Shimura M.: Feature extraction and primitives. Paper from - Pattern Recognition inPractice. ed. Gelsema E.S, 1980.
• [8] Fu K. S.: Syntactic pattern modelling using stochastic tree grammars. Computer Graphics image proceedings. Vol. 12, 1980.
• [9] Fu K. S.: Syntactic models in pattern recognition and applications. Pattern recognition in practice. ed. Gelsema E.S, 1980
• [10] Janssens D., Rozenberg G.: On the structure of node-label-controlled graph languages. Information Sciences, Vol. 20 (3), April, pp. 191-216, 1980.
• [11] Pavlidis T.: Algorithms for graphics and image processing. ISBN 0-914894-65-X, 1982.
• [12] Badie F., Peikari B.: Invariant numerical shape modelling. Proc. of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Washington, June, 1983.
• [13] Fu K. S.: Syntactic pattern recognition. Paper from Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, ed. Young T.Y, 1986.
• [14] El-Wakil M. S., Shoukry A. A.: On-line recognition of handwritten isolated Arabie characters. Pattern Recognition, vol. 22, no. 2, 97-106, 1989.
• [15] Bunke H., Sanfeliu A.: Syntactic and structural pattern recognition: theory and applications. World Scientific ISBN 9971-50-552-5, 1990.
• [16] Amin A., Al-Fedaghi S.: Machine recognition of printed Arabie text utilizing natural language morphology. International Journal Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 35, issue 6, pp. 769-788, 1991.
• [17] Fakir M., Sodeyama C.: Recognition of Arabie printed scripts by dynamie programming matching method. IEICE Transaction. Inf. and Sys, Vol. E76-D, No. 2, pp. 235-242. (translated), 1993.
• [18] Flasinski M.: On the parsing of deterministic graph languages for syntactic pattern recognition. Pattern Recognition, Vol. 26, Issue 1, January, pp. 1-16, 1993.
• [19] Min W., Tang Z., Tang L.: Using web grammar to recognise dimensions in engineering drawings. Pattern Recognition Vol. 26, no. 9, 1993.
• [20] Al-Badr B., Mahmoud S.A.: Survey and bibliography of Arabie optical text recognition. Signal Processing, vol. 41, no. 1, 49-77, 1995.
• [21] Cowell J.: Syntactic pattern recognizer for vehicle identification numbers. Image and Vision Computing, vol. 13, no. 1, 13-19, 1995.
• [22] Romeo-Pakker K., Ameur A., Olivier C, Lecourtier Y.: Structural analysis of Arabie handwriting: segmentation and recognition. Machine Vision and Applications, vol. 8, no 4, 1995.
• [23] Amin A.: Off-line Arabie character recognition - the state of the art. Pattern Recognition, vol. 31, no. 5, 517-530, 1998.
• [24] Flasinski M., Jurek J.: Dynamically programmed automata for quasi context sensitive languages as a tool for inference support in pattern recognition-based real-time control system expert systems. Pattern Recognition, Vol. 21, pp. 671-690, 1999.
• [25] Ismail M.A., Gad Samila: Off-line Arabie signature recognition and verification. Pattern Recognition vol. 33(10), pp 1727-1740, 2000.
• [26] Plamondon R., Srihari S.N.: On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 1, 63-84, 2000.
• [27] Cowell J. and Hussain F.: Thinning Arabic characters for feature extraction. IEEE international Conference on Information Visualisation IV2001, London, 2001.
• [28] Cowell J., Hussain F.: Extracting features from Arabic characters. IASTED International Conference on CGIM2001, Hawaii, 2001.
• [29] Hussain F. and Cowell J.: Arabic character recognition using feature extraction. IASTED International Conference onVIIP2002, Malaga, Spain, September, 2002.
• [30] Sarfraz M., Nawaz S. N., Al-Khuraidly A.: Offline Arabic text recognition system. IEEE International Conference on Geometric Modeling and Graphics-GMAG'2003 London, UK.
• [31] Chanda G., Dellaert F.: Grammatical methods in computer vision : An overview. GVU Technical Report Number: Georgia Institute of Technology -GVU-04-29, 2004.
• [32] Sarfraz M., Zidouri A., Nawaz S. N.: On Offline Arabic character recognition. Computer-Aided Intelligent Recognition Techniques and Applications, Ed.: M. Sarfraz, ISBN: 0-470-09414-1, Wileypp 1-18, 2005.
• [33] Zidouri A., Sarfraz M., Shahab S. A., Jafri S. M.: Adaptive dissection based subword segmentation of printed Arabic text. IEEE International Conference on Information Visualisation IV 2005-London, pp. 239-243, 2005.