PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

Błękit Majów , jedno z najważniejszych osiągnięć Mezoameryki

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
EN
Maya Blue , one of the most important achievements of Mesoamerica
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
EN
The Maya Blue is a famous blue pigment developed by pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica and manufactured there for about thousand years. It was applied for body decoration, important for cruel religious rituals, as well as for artistic paintings, murals, or coloration of ceramics. Its production was abandoned in XVII century and the procedure forgotten. The chemical nature of this blue pigment remained a puzzle for a long time and only in nineteen sixties it was revealed [1, 2] that it is a composite consisting of inorganic matrix (palygorskite) that accommodates molecules of organic dye – indigo. The preparation procedure was rediscovered [3] and the products analogous to classical Maya Blue could be obtained by simple thermal insertion of indigo into palygorskite (and also into sepiolite). However, the nature of chemical interaction between dye and matrix that provides very high resistibility of resulting pigments remains still not satisfactorily explained. The hydrogen bonds or coordinative interaction with matrix cations are taken into an account. Zeolites and other molecular sieves can be efficiently applied as matrices for pigments similar to Maya Blue. The coloration and other properties of pigments can be considerably changed by initial modification of zeolites with various cations, what supports an important role of complexes formed by dye molecules and zeolite cations. On the other hand, the zeolite-like materials AlPO4 as well as to some extent mesoporous silica (with some contribution of micropores) lacking any cations are also efficient matrices for pigments analogous to Maya Blue. Not only indigo, but also indigo derivatives (leucoindigo, thioindigo, indigo carmine) could be embedded inside the molecular sieves. The thermal insertion as well as crystallization of zeolites from gels supplemented with respective dye can be used for pigment synthesis. It is interesting that role of matrix can be also played by representative of novel MOF family of the molecular sieves.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Strony
715--739
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 145 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
autor
autor
  • Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Chemii, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, skowalak@amu.edu.pl
Bibliografia
  • [1] R .J. Gettens, Am. Antiquity, 1962, 7, 557.
  • [2] R . Kleber, L. Masschelein-Kleiner, J. Thissen, Stud. Conserv., 1967, 12, 41.
  • [3] H. Van Olphen, Sci., 1966, 154, 645.
  • [4] M . Miller, S. Martin, Courly Art. Of the Ancient Maya, Thames & Hudson, London 2004.
  • [5] M . José-Yacamán, L. Rendón, J. Arenas, M.C. Serra Puche, Sci., 1996, 273, 223.
  • [6] L . Polette, N. Ugarte, R. Chianelli, Presentation at the Workshop on Synchrotron Radiation in Art and Archaeology, SSRL , 2000.
  • [7] R . Giustetto, K. Seenivasan, S. Bordiga, Period. Mineral., 2010, 21.
  • [8] http://mexicocontrastado.blogspot.com/2011/05/arte-mexicano.html - 8.05.2012 r.
  • [9] L .M. Torres, Mater. Res. Soc., 1988, 123, 123.
  • [10] B. Hubbard, W. Kuang, A. Moser, G.A. Facey & C. Detellier, Clay Clay Miner., 2003, 51, 318.
  • [11] M . Sánchez Del Rĭo, P. Martinetto, C. Reyes-Valerio, E. Dooryhée, M. Suarez, Archaeometry, 2006, 48, 115.
  • [12] D .E. Arnold, Ancient Mesoamerica, 2005, 16, 51.
  • [13] J .M. Cabrera Garrido, El 'Azul Maya', (Informes y Trabajos dei Instituto de Conservacion y Restauracion de Obras de Arte, Arqueologia y Etnologia 8), Madrid (1969).
  • [14] A .M. Tozzer, Chichén Itzá its Cenote of Sacrifice; a comperative Study of the Contemporaneous Maya and Toltec, 1957.
  • [15] B. Stross, Antropology, 2007, 393.
  • [16] L .M. Vargas, Los colores lacandones, la percepción visual de un pueblo maya, Colleción cientifica 372. INA H: México, 1998.
  • [17] R . Kleber, L. Masschelein-Kleiner, J. Thissen, Stud. Conserv., 1967, 12, 41.
  • [18] M .L. Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual, M.T. Doménech-Carbó, A. Doménech, J. Cult. Herit., 2011, 12, 140.
  • [19] M .E. Haude, J. Am. Int. Conserv., 1998, 37, 240.
  • [20] A .A. Tagle, H. Paschinger, H. Richard, G. Infante, Stud. Conserv., 1990, 35, 156.
  • [21] H.E. Merwin, [w:] Yucatan, H.E. Morris, J. Charlot, A.A. Morris (Eds.), Temple Warriors at Chitzen Itza, 406, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC , 1931, 356.
  • [22] F .S. Manciu, A. Ramirez, W. Durrer, J. Govani, R.R. Chianelli, J. Raman Spectroscop., 2008, 39, 1257.
  • [23] E . Littmann, Am. Antiquity, 1980, 45, 87.
  • [24] R .J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, a Short Encyclopaedia, D. Van Nostrand New York, 1942, str. 130.
  • [25] L .A. Polette, G. Meitzner, M.J. Yacaman, R.R. Chianelli, Microchem. J., 2002, 71, 167.
  • [26] E . Fois, A. Gamba, A. Tilocca, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 2003, 57, 263.
  • [27] M . Suárez Barrios, L.V. Flores González, M.A. Vicente Rodriguez, J.M. Martin Pozas, App. Clay Science, 1995, 10, 247.
  • [28] S . Ovarlez, F. Giulieri, A. Chaze, F. Delamare, J. Raya, J. Hirschinger, Chem. E. J., 2009, 15, 11326.
  • [29] P . Gómez-Romero, C. Sanchez, Functional Hybrid Materials, Wiley-Vch, 2004.
  • [30] A . Shperad, Am. Antiquity, 1962, 27, 565.
  • [31] A .O. Shepard, H.B. Gottlieb, Maya blue: Alternative hypothesis [w:] In Notes from a ceramic laboratory 1. Washington D. C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1962.
  • [32] D . Arnold, B. Bohor, Arch., 1975, 28, 23.
  • [33] M .E. Fernández, J.A. Ascencio, D. Mendoza-Anaya, V.R. Lugo, M. Jos -Yacamán, J. Mat. Science, 1999, 34, (21), 5243.
  • [34] G. Chiari, R. Giustetto, G. Riccihiardi, Eur. J. Mineral., 2003, 15, 21.
  • [35] M . Sánchez del Rio, P. Martinetto, A. Somogyi, C. Reyes-Valerio, E. Dooryhée, N. Peltier, L. Alianelli, B. Moignard, L. Pichon, T. Calligaro. J.C. Dran, Spectrochim. Acta B, 2004, 59, 1619
  • [36] M . Sánchez del Rio, P. Martinetto, A. Somogyi, C. Reyes-Valerio, E. Dooryhée, N. Peltier, L. Alianelli, B. Moignard, L. Pichon, T. Calligaro, J. Dran, Spectrochim. Acta B, 2004, 59, 1619.
  • [37] D . Reinen, P. Köhl, C. Müller C, Zeitsch Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 2004, 630, 97.
  • [38] A . Doménech, M.T. Doménech-Carb , M.L. Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 6027.
  • [39] A . Doménech, M.T. Doménech-Carb , M.L. Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111, 4585.
  • [40] A . Doménech, M.T. Doménech-Carb , M.L. Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, Anal. Chem., 2007, 79, 2812.
  • [41] J . Balfour-Paul, Indigo, British Museum Press, London, 2000.
  • [42] D . Cardon, Natural dyes, Sources, tradition, technology and science, Archetype publications, London, 2007.
  • [43] M .M. Sousa, C. Miguel, I. Rodrigues, A.J. Parola, F. Pina, J. SérgioSeixas de Melo, M.J. Melo, Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 2008, 7, 1353.
  • [44] A . Doménech, M.T. Doménech- Carbó, M. Sánchez del Rio, M.L. Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, E. Lima, New J. Chem., 2009, 33, 2371.
  • [45] J .B. Harry, The Woad Plantand its Dye, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1930.
  • [46] J .S Turski, Barwniki kadziowe. Indygo i Indygoidy, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Techniczne, Warszawa 1953, str. 16.
  • [47] C .D. Nenitescu, Chemia organiczna, Tom II, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa 1969, str. 618.
  • [48] A . Doménech, M. Doménech-Carb , M. Sánchez del Rio, S. Goberna, E., Lima, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 12118.
  • [49] A . Tilocca, E. Fois, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 8683.
  • [50] A . Baeyer, A. Emmerling, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1869, 2, 679.
  • [51] R .J.H. Clark, C.J. Cooksey, M.A.M. Daniels, R. Withnall, Endeavour 1993, 17, 191.
  • [52] P . Vandenabeele, L. Moens, The Analyst, 2003, 128, 187.
  • [53] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indygo.
  • [54] A .M. Bond, F. Marken, E. Hill, R.G. Compton, H. Hugel, J. Chem. Soc., 1997, 2, 1735.
  • [55] P . Romero, C. Sanchez, New J. Chem., 2005, 29, 57.
  • [56] H.L. DuPont, D.D. Ericcson, M.W. DuPont, A.C. Luna, J.J. Mathewson, Am. J. M. 88 (Suplement 6A): 20S-23S.
  • [57] S . Overlaz, F. Giulieri, F. Delamare, N. Sbirrazzuoli, A.M. Chaze, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 2011, 142, 371.
  • [58] J . Chisholm, The Canadian Mineralogist, 1990, 28, 329.
  • [59] J . Chisholm, The Canadian Mineralogist, 1992, 30, 61.
  • [60] G.A. Facey, W. Kuang, C. Detellier, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 22359.
  • [61] M . Sánchez del Rio, E. Boccaleri, M. Milanesio, G. Croce, W. van Beek, C. Tsiantos, G. Chyssikos, V. Gionis, G.. Kacandes, M., J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, 5524.
  • [62] R . Giustetto, K.Seenivasan, S. Bordiga, Periodico di Mineralogia, An International Journal of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, ore deposits, petrology, volcanology and applied topics on Environment, Archeometry and Cultural Heritage, Scienze e Lettere, (2010), 21.
  • [63] R . Giustetto, F. Llabrés i Xamena, G. Ricchiardi, S. Bordiga, A. Damin, R. Gobetto, M. Chierotti, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 19360.
  • [64] M . Sánchez del Rio, P. Martinetto, C. Reyes-Ralerio, R. Dooryhée, M. Suárez, Archaeometry, 2006, 48, 115.
  • [65] N . Yasarawan, J. Duijneveldt, Langmuir, 2008, 24, 7184.
  • [66] G. Chiari, R. Giustetto, J. Druzik, E. Doehne, G. Ricchiardi, Appl. Phys. A, 2008, 90, 3.
  • [67] G. Chiari, R. Giustetto, Acta Crystallogr. A, 2005, A61, C77.
  • [68] L . Polette-Niewold, F. Manciu, B. Torres, M. Alvarado Jr, R. Chianelli, J. Inorg. Biochem., 2007, 101, 1958.
  • [69] M .E. Fuentes, B. Pena, C. Contreras, A. Montero, R. Chianelli, M. Alvarado, R. Olivas, L. Rodríguez, H. Camacho, L. Montero-Cabrera, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 2008, 108, 1664.
  • [70] S . Ovarlez, A. Chaze, F. Giulieri, F. Delamare, Compt. Rend. Chimie, 2006, 10, 1243.
  • [71] A . Doménech, M. Teresa Doménech-Carb , M. Luisa Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111, 4585.
  • [72] M . Jos -Yacamán, L. Rendón, J. Arenas, M.C. Serra Puche, Science, 1996, 273, 223.
  • [73] A . Polette, G. Meitzner, M. Jos -Yacamán, R. Chianelli, Microchem. J., 2002, 71, 167.
  • [74] A . Doménech, M. Teresa Doménech-Carb , M. Vazquez De Agredos Pascual Archaeometry, 2009, 51, 1015.
  • [75] A . Doménech, M. Doménech-Carb , M. Sánchez del Rio, M. Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, J. Solid State Electr., 2009, 12, 869.
  • [76] J . McBain, The Sorption of Gases and Vapours by Solids, Routledge & Sons, London, 1932, str. 371.
  • [77] A . Corma, Chem. Rev., 1997, 97, 2373.
  • [78] E .M. Flanigen, B.M. Lok, R.L. Patton, Proceedings of the 7th International Zeolite Conference, Y. Murakami, A. Iijima, J. Ward (Ed.), Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan, 1986.
  • [79] S .T. Wilson, B.M. Lok, C.A. Messina, T.R. Cannan, E.M. Falningen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 1982, 1146.
  • [80] J . Beck, J. Vartuli, W. Roth, M. Leonowicz, C. Kresge, K. Schmitt, C. Chu, D. Olson, E. Sheppard, S. McCullen, J. Higgins, J. Schlenker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 10834.
  • [81] D . Zhao, Q. Huo, J. Feng, B.F. Chmelka, G.D. Stucky, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 6024.
  • [82] C . Kresge, M. Leonowicz, W. Roth, J. Vartuli, J. Beck, Nature, 1992, 359, 710.
  • [83] M .J. Zaworotko, S. Subramanian, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 1995, 34, 2127.
  • [84] O .M. Yaghi, H. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 10401.
  • [85] H. Li. M. Eddaoudi, M. O'Keeffe, O.M. Yaghi, Nature, 1999, 402, 276.
  • [86] O .M. Yaghi, M. O'Keeffe, N.W. Ockwig, H.K. Chae, M. Eddaoudi and J. Kim, Nature, 2003, 423, 705.
  • [87] S . Kowalak, P. Florczak, K. Kędzierska, E. Janiszewska, Wiad. Chem., 2011, 65, 427.
  • [88] C . Martinez, A. Corma, Coordin. Chem. Rev., 2011, 255, 1558.
  • [89] C . Rhodes, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. Sect. C, 2007, 103, 287.
  • [90] S . Meisel, J. McCullogh, C. Lechthaler, P. Weisz, Chem. Tech., 1976, 6, 86.
  • [91] A . Galarneau, F. Di Renzo, F. Fajula, J. Vedrine, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 2001, 135, 13.
  • [92] J . Sherman, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999, 96, 3471.
  • [93] C . Rhodes, Progr. React. Kinet. Mech., 2005, 30, 145.
  • [94] G. Schultz-Ekloff, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1994, 85, 145.
  • [95] D . Brühwiler, G. Calzaferri, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2004, 72, 1.
  • [96] T . Bein, S. Mintova, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 2005, 157, 263.
  • [97] F . Laeri, F.Schüth, U. Simon, M. Wark, Host-Guest Systems based on Nanoporous Crystals, Wiley-VC H, Weinheim, (2003).
  • [98] S . Kowalak, A. Jankowska, Inorganic Sulphur Piments Based on Nanopored Materials in Ordered Porous Solids, Valtchev, V., Mintova, S., Tsapatsis, M. (Eds.), Elsevier New York 2009, str. 591.
  • [99] N . Herron, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 4714.
  • [100] A . Corma A.H. Garcia, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2004, 6, 1143.
  • [101] E . Del Federico, W. Shberger, J. Schelvis, S. Kapetanaki, L. Tyne, A. Jerschow, Inorg. Chem., 2006, 45, 1270.
  • [102] S . Kowalak, A. Jankowska, A. Zywert, A. Werbińska, Topics in Chemistry and Material Science, Vol. 4; Advanced Micro- and Mesoporous Materials - 09", Heron Press, 2010, 106.
  • [103] J .C. Scaiano, H. Garcia, Acc. Chem. Res., 1999, 32, 173.
  • [104] T . Bein,. Inclusion Chemistry of Organometallics in Zeolite. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, J.L. Atwood, J.E.D. Davies, D.D. Macnicol, R. Vtle (Eds.), 1996, 7, 579.
  • [105] N . Herron, J. Incl. Phenom. Mol. Rec. Chem., 1995, 21, 283.
  • [106] S . Ray, S. Vasudevan, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42, 1711.
  • [107] K .J. Balkus Jr., A.K. Khanmamedova, K.M. Dixon, F. Bedioui, Appl. Catal. A, 1996, 143, 159.
  • [108] J . He, Y. Ba, C.I. Ratcliffe, J.A. Ripmeester, D.D. Klug, J.S .Tse, K.F. Preston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 10697.
  • [109] K .J. Balkus, S. Kowalak, K.T. Ly, D.C. Hargis, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1991, 69, 93.
  • [110] S . Kowalak, K.J. Balkus, Jr, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1992, 57, 774.
  • [111] R. Hoppe, G. Schulz-Ekloff, D. Wöhrle, M. Ehrl, C. Bräuchle, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal,. 1991, 69, 199.
  • [112] G. Ihlein, F. Schüth, O. Kraus, U. Vietze, F. Laeri, Adv. Mater., 1998, 10, 1117.
  • [113] M . Bockstette, D. Wöhrle, I. Braun, G. Schulz-Ekloff, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 1998, 23, 83.
  • [114] G. Schulz-Ekloff, Dieter Wöhrle, B. Duffel, R. Schoonheydt, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2002, 51, 91.
  • [115] D . Brühwiler, G. Calzaferri, T. Torres, J. Ramm, N. Gartmann, L. Q. Dieu, I. López-Duarte, M. V ictoria Martínez-Díaz, J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19, 8040.
  • [116] D . Brühwiler, G. Calzaferri, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2004, 72, 1.
  • [117] R . Hoppe, G. Schulz-Ekloff, D. Wöhrle, C. Kirschhock, H. Fuess, L. Uytterhoeven, R. Schoonheydt, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 61.
  • [118] R . Hoppe, G. Schulz-Ekloff, D. Wöhrle, E. Shpiro, O. Tkachenko, Zeolites, 1993, 13, 222.
  • [119] M . Zanjanchi, S. Sohrabnejad, J. Incl. Phenom. Macro. Chem., 2003, 46, 43.
  • [120] X.-D. Li, Q.-Z. Zhai, M.-Q. Zou, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 257, 1134.
  • [121] D . Li, J. Zhang, M. Anpo, M. Xue, Y. Liu, Mater. Lett., 2005, 59, 2120.
  • [122] H. Lim, H. Cheong, J Kor. Phys. Soc., 2011, 58, 1035.
  • [123] L . Yue-Xiang, Z. Qing-Zhou, Bull. Chem. Soc.Ethiop., 2009, 23, 145.
  • [124] Q.Z. Zai, D. Yang, Asian J. Chem., 2009, 21, 2198.
  • [125] F . Deeg, M. Ehrl, C. Bräuchle, R. Hoppe, G. Schulz-Ekloff, D. Wöhrle, J. Lumin., 1992, 53, 219.
  • [126] K . Ananthanarayanan, C. Selvaraju, P. Natarajan, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2007, 99, 319.
  • [127] V . Ganesan, R. Ramaraj, J. Lumin., 2001, 92, 167.
  • [128] K . Huddersman, V. Patruno, G. Blake, R. Dahm, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 1998, 114, 155.
  • [129] N . Gfeller, S. Megelski, G. Calzaferri, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103, 1250.
  • [130] R . Hoppe, G. Schulz-Ekloff, D. Wöhrle, C. Kirschhock, H. Fuess, Langmuir, 1994, 10, 1517.
  • [131] R . Hoppe, G. Schulz-Ekloff, D. Wöhrle, Patent Niemiecki, DE 41 26 461 C2 (1994).
  • [132] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, M. Łukarska, 5th International FEZA Conference, Valencia, Hiszpania, 2011.
  • [133] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, 3rd International Symposium on Advanced Micro- and Mesoporous Materials, Albena, Bułgaria, 2009.
  • [134] S . Kowalak, A. Jankowska, A. Zywert, P. Florczak, E. Janiszewska, Proceedings of 4th International Symposium Advanced Micro- and Mesoporous Materials, Riviera resort, Bułgaria, w druku.
  • [135] C . Dejoie, P. Martinetto, E. Dooryhée, P. Strobel, S. Blanc, P. Bordat, R. Brown, F. Porcher, M. Sanchez Del Rio, M. Anne, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2010, 2, 2308.
  • [136] C . Baerlocher, W.M. Meier, D. Olson, Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, Elselvier, 2001.
  • [137] C . Dejoie, P. Martinetto, E. Dooryhée, E. Van Elslande, S. Blanc, P. Bordat, R. Brown, F. Porcher, M. Anne, Appl. Spectrosc., 2010, 64, 1131.
  • [138] S . Kowalak, A. Jankowska, A. Zywert, Pigments with Molecular Sieves Matrices; Special Issue of Current Physical Chemistry - Advanced Characterization of Porous Materials, 2011; w druku.
  • [139] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, V. Padilla López, Zeolite pigments with entrapped thioindigo; Monographic studies in molecular sieves: synthesis, characterization and applications, Vol. 1, Zeolites and other molecular sieves: New trends in synthesis, modification and applications; Polish Zeolite Association Poznań (2010), 101.
  • [140] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, G. Cruciani, 16th International Zeolite Conference joint with 7th International Mesostructured Materials Symposium, Sorrento, Włochy, 2010.
  • [141] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, M. Łukarska, 23rd German Zeolite Conference (Deutsche-Zeolith-Tagung), Erlangen, Niemcy, 2011.
  • [142] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, Clay Miner., 2011, 46, 197.
  • [143] S . Kowalak, A. Zywert, M. Łukarska, P. Florczak, E. Janiszewska, Materiały pokonferencyjne XVIII Forum Zeolitowe, Małe Ciche, 2011.
  • [144] H. Li, M. Eddaoundi, M. O' Keeffe, O. M. Yaghi, Nature, 1999, 402, 276.
  • [145] A . Phan, Ch. J. Doonan, F.J. Uribe- Romo, C.B. Knobler, M. O' Keeffe, O.M. Yaghi, Acc. Chem. Res., 2010, 43, 58.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BUS8-0026-0048
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.