Hiperwalentne związki siarki, selenu i telluru. Część 1. Charakterystyka ogólna

• Autorzy: Zając A.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Hypervalent compounds of sulfur, selenium and tellurium. Part 1. General characteristics

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

The goal of this four-part review is a presentation of the results of recent studies on the properties and chemistry of hypervalent sulfur, selenium and tellurium compounds. The term “hypervalency” has been known since 1969 when Musher used it to describe molecules bearing heteroatoms which formally did not fulfill the octet rule. This violation was explained by the postulate concerning the existence of a 3-center 4-electron bond between a hypervalent heteroatom and two axial electronegative ligands. The bond is the a combination of two ligand orbitals and a pz orbital of a central heteroatom which results in the formation of three molecular orbitals. The distances between the central atom and these two ligands are longer than the length of the typical sp2 bonds, such as equatorial ones. Moreover, the effective electron density is shifted from the central atom towards the axial ligands what results in the fulfillment of the octet rule of this atom. The geometry of this system is trigonal bipyramid (Fig. 2), except from compounds having three 3-center 4-electron (3c-4e) bonds which have tetragonal bipyramid geometry (Fig. 3). The term “geometry” includes positions of ligands and lone electron pairs. The stability of hypervalent compounds is affected by a few factors: electronegativity of ligands, formation of five-membered cyclic structures involving the central atom and the number of electron shells of the central atom. Martin proposed three-symbol notation N-X-L for these structures, which was further modified (Tab. 1). Hypervalent compounds can isomerize according to various mechanisms: Berry pseudorotation (Scheme 1), turnstile rotation (Scheme 2), cuneal inversion (Scheme 3), lever mechanism (Scheme 4), or Bailar twist (Scheme 5). Furthermore, hypervalent structures of 10-X-4 and 10-X-5 type with trigonal bipyramid geometry, C1 or C2 symmetry and at least three different ligands can exist as optically active species (Tab. 2, Fig. 5–7, Scheme 6), especially the "spiro" ones, which are resistant to isomerization. In 1977 Martin and Balthazor proposed extended Cahn-Ingold-Prelog convention for description of the absolute configuration of chiral hypervalent compounds (Fig. 5).

Słowa kluczowe

PL

hiperwalentność; wiązanie 3c-4e; sulfuran; persulfuran; selenuran; perselenuran; telluran; pertelluran; pseudorotacja Berry'ego; sulfuran Martina; bipiramida trygonalna; bipiramida tetragonalna; synteza; chiralność; aktywność optyczna; izomeryzacja

EN

hypervalency; 3c-4e bond; sulfurane; persulfurane; selenurane; perselenurane; tellurane; pertellurane; Berry pseudorotation; Martin sulfurane; trigonal bipyramid; tetragonal bipyramid; synthesis; chirality; optical activity; isomerization

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
• Czasopismo: Wiadomości Chemiczne
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: [Z] 66, 5-6
• Strony: 529--541
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 22 poz., rys., schem., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Zając A.

• Zakład Chemii Heteroorganicznej, Centrum Badań Molekularnych i Makromolekularnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź,

Bibliografia

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