PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea

Autorzy
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The article reviews of the state of investigations concerning the threat of chemical warfare agents (CWA) dumped in the Baltic Sea to the health of people making use of the sea. The paper presents the types and quantities of chemical munitions dumped in the Polish sector of the Baltic Sea, the location of dumping sites and localities where accidental injuries to people have taken place. The results of the HELCOM ad hoc Working Group on Dumped War Gas and Ammunition in the Polish Economic Zone are also reviewed. The approximate condition of the dumped CWA and their status on the sea floor are discussed. The Polish studies on the deactivation of CWA are summarised.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Strony
83--103
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 33 poz., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
  • Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszalka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
Bibliografia
  • [1.] Andrulewicz E., Wielgat M., 1998, Predicted fate of chemical munition and toxic warfare agents (BST) dumped in the Baltic Sea, Proc. 1st Symposium: `Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea', 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 97-113 (in Polish).
  • [2.] Bagnasco M., Camoirano A., De Flora S., Melodia F., Arillo A., 1991, Enhanced liver metabolism of mutagens and carcinogens in fish living in polluted seawater, Mutat. Res. 262 (2), 129-137.
  • [3.] Bural S., Slugocki R., 1998, Toxic effects of chemical warfare agent - sulphuric yperite - on people, Proc. 1st Symposium: `Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea', 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 48-53 (in Polish).
  • [4.] Chemical Munitions in the Southern and Western Baltic Sea. Compilation, assessment and recommendations. Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Hamburg, Germany, May 1993.
  • [5.] Complex analysis of the hazard related to the captured German chemical weapon dumped in the Baltic Sea. CHEMU 2/2/1 Rev.1 (27 September 1993) as amended 11 October 1993 - submitted by Russia.
  • [6.] Dacre J. C., Goldman M., 1996, Toxicology and pharmacology of the chemical warfare agents sulphur mustard, Pharmacol. Rev., 48 (2), 289-326.
  • [7.] Fedorov L. A., 1994, Chemical warfare agents in Russia: history, ecology, politics, Centr. Politiki Ekolog., Moskva (in Russian).
  • [8.] Fedorov L. A., 1996, Pre-convention liquidation of Soviet chemical weapons, [in:] Sea dumped chemical weapons: aspects, problems and solutions, Kaffka A. V. (ed.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, 17.
  • [9.] Filipek, B., Gawlikowski J., Olszański R., Hołowenko M., 1998, The role of medical services in effects neutralisation of human contact with toxic warfare agents (mainly yperite in the Baltic Sea region), Proc. 1st Symposium: `Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 43¬47 (in Polish).
  • [10.] Final Report of ad hoc Working Group on Dumped Chemical Munition (HELCOM CHEMU) to the 16th Meeting of the Helsinki Commission, 14-17.03.1995.
  • [11.] Glasby G. P., 1997, Disposal of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 206, 267-273.
  • [12.] Granbom P. O., 1996, Investigation of a dumping area in the Skagerrak 1992, [in:] Sea dumped chemical weapons: aspects, problems and solutions, Kaffka A. V. (ed.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., NATO ASI Sedes, 7, Dordrecht-Boston-London, 41-48.
  • [13.] Harmata W., Wertejuk Z., 1998, Experiences of the Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry related to disinfection problems of sulphur yperite and technology of yperite utilisation, Proc. 1st Symposium: "Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 55-72 (in Polish).
  • [14.] Harvey S., DeFrank J. J., Kamely D., Valdes J. J., Chakabarty A. M., 1991, Microbial degradation of agent orange and mustard related compounds, [in:] Biotechnology: Bridging research and application, Karnety D., Chakrabarty A. M., Kornguthm S. E. (eds), Kluwer Acad. Publ., Boston, 2-220.
  • [15.] Jacobs M.B. 1949, The analytical chemistry of industrial poisons, hazards and solvents, Interscience Publ., New York, London.
  • [16.] Kaczorek B., 1998, Problems related to chemical munition dumped in the Baltic Sea as seen by the Helsinki commission, Proc. 1" Symposium: "Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 85¬95 (in Polish).
  • [17.] Korzeniewski K., 1994, War gases in the Southern Baltic Sea, Stud. i Mater. Oceanol. 67 (10), 91-101.
  • [18.] Korzeniewski K., 1996, War gases in the southern Baltic Sea, Wiad. Chem., 50 (9-10), 745-757 (in Polish).
  • [19.] Korzeniewski K., I 998a, Toxic warfare agents and explosives at the bottom of the southern Baltic Sea, Proc. 1st Symposium: "Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 15-33 (in Polish).
  • [20.] Korzeniewski K., 1998b, Protection of the marine environment, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego (in Polish).
  • [21.] Leung K. H., Yao M., Stearns R., Lee Chiu S. H., 1995, Mechanism of biodegradation and covalent binding of 2.4.6-trinitrotoluene, Chem.-Biolog. Interactions, 97, 37-51.
  • [22.] Molier T., 1998, Information from the Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Economy concerning undertaken measures and cooperation on international and national basis regarding problems related to chemical munition dumped in the Baltic Sea, Proc. 1st Symposium: "Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 73-83 (in Polish).
  • [23.] NATO, 1996, Sea-dumped chemical weapons: aspects, problems and solutions, Kluver Acad. Publ., NATO ASI Sedes, 7.
  • [24.] Poutanen E. L., 1998, Status of the Baltic Sea, special emphasis on the dumping area of chemical munitions, Proc. 2'd Symposium: "Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 15-16.12.1998, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia.
  • [25.] Report of the First Meeting of the Ad hoc Working Group on Dumped Chemical Munition. CHEMU 1/8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 19-21 April 1993.
  • [26.] Report on Chemical Munition Dumped in the Baltic Sea, Report of the 165th Meeting of the Helsinki Commission, 8-11 March 1994, (HELCOM CHEMU).
  • [27.] Spain J. C., 1995, Biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds, Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 49, 523-555.
  • [28.] Stachlewska-Wróblowa A., 1985, Analysis of chemical contamination, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, Warszawa (in Polish).
  • [29.] Surikov B. T., 1996, How to save the Baltic Sea from ecological disaster, [in:] Sea dumped chemical weapons: aspects, problems and solutions, Kaffka A. V. (ed.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., NATO ASI Sedes, 7, Dordrecht-Boston-London, 67-70.
  • [30.] Update of report dated 7 May 1985 concerning environmental, health and safety aspects connected with the dumping of war gas ammunition in the waters around Denmark, HELCOM 14/10/1 (14 January 1993) submitted by Denmark.
  • [31.] Walker J. E., Kapłan D. L., 1992, Biological degradation of explosives and chemical agents, [in:] Microorganisms to combat pollution, Rosenberg E. (ed.), Biodegradation, 3, 245-261.
  • [32.] Witkiewicz Z., 1994, Disposal of old chemical weapons in Germany, Przemysł Chem., 73/4, 145-146 (in Polish).
  • [33.] Witkiewicz Z., 1998, Technical condition of the dumped chemical warfare and anticipated consequences, Proc. 1st Symposium: "Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea", 22.04.1997, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia, 35-41 (in Polish).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BUS8-0025-0008
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.