Combination Tones in Violins

• Autorzy: Lohri A. , Carral S. , Chatziioannou V.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In this study we investigate the appearance of combination tones in violins. Most authors in recent times have emphasised that combination tones occur inside the ear exclusively (intra-aural). This assumption will be subjected to scrutiny based on evidence found in an empirical study in which combination tones were measured outside the ear (extra-aural). Measurements were performed in which a violinist played two tones of a particular musical interval simultaneously. This was recorded and subsequently analysed using a Fourier Transformation. In addition to the partial tones of the primary interval, the resulting spectrum showed frequencies corresponding to combination tones. Similar measurements on the viola and violoncello also revealed the existence of extra-aural combination tones. Such frequencies may influence the timbre of simultaneous intervals played on string instruments. In another experiment the violin was excited using an electrodynamic mini-shaker with the aim of localising the origin of extra-aural combination tones. A newly devised tone matrix was used as a theoretical approach which computes all potential combination tones that may occur between any pair of partial tones. The detailed analysis of musical intervals by both the frequency spectrum and the tone matrix shows characteristic mirror and point symmetries in the partial tone structure. The discussion focuses mainly on the audibility of extra-aural combination tones and on ‘the combination tone 1’. This research opens up new perspectives and questions relevant for interpreters, composers, violin makers and violin acousticians.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

combination tones; extra-aural; intra-aural; string instruments; measurements of simultaneous intervals; nonlinearity; virtual pitch

• Wydawca: Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN ; Komitet Akustyki PAN ; Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
• Czasopismo: Archives of Acoustics
• Rocznik: 2011
• Tom: Vol. 36, No. 4
• Strony: 727--740
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 18 poz., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Lohri A.

autor

Carral S.

autor

Chatziioannou V.

• University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna International Centre of Harmonics Anton-von-Webern-Platz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria,

Bibliografia

• 1. Ebeling M. (2007), Verschmelzung und neuronale Autokorrelation [in German], Peter Lang GmbH Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main.
• 2. Hällström G.G. (1819), De tonis combinationis, dissertatio physica [in Latin], University of Aboae.
• 3. Hällström G.G. (1832), Von den Combinationstönen [in German], Ann. Phys. Chem., 24, 438-466.
• 4. von Helmholtz H. (1856), Ueber Combinationstöne [in German], Ann. Phys. Chem., 99, 497-540.
• 5. von Helmholtz H. (1863), On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, trans. by Alexander J. Ellis from the fourth (1877) edition, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1954. First German edition published Braunschweig: Verlag von F. Vieweg & Sohn.
• 6. Husmann H. (1953), Vom Wesen der Konsonanz [in German], Müller-Thiergarten-Verlag, Heidelberg.
• 7. Krueger F. (1900), Beobachtungen an Zweiklängen [in German], Phil. Stud., 16, 307-379, 568-664.
• 8. Lohri A. (2010), Symmetrien in Partialtonstrukturen von Zweiklängen und die Entstehung von Kombinationstönen [in German], in: Symmetry: Art & Science 2010. The Journal of the International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry, Editors: Lugosi/Nagy, Budapest, 154-157.
• 9. Ohm G.S. (1839), Bemerkungen über Combinationstöne und Stösse [in German], Ann. Phys. Chem., 47, 463-466.
• 10. Plomp R. (1965), Detectability Threshold for Combination Tones, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 37, 6, 1110-1123.
• 11. Reuter Ch., Griebel H. (2010), Jaco - High quality sinusoid tracks and envelopes, Proceedings of the Second Vienna Talk, Sept. 19-21, 2010, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Austria, Retrieved Juin 10th, 2011:http://viennatalk.mdw.ac.at/papers/Pap 01 22 Reuter.pdf
• 12. Schouten J.F. (1940), The perception of pitch, Philips Technical Review, 5, 286-294.
• 13. Smoorenburg G.F. (1972), Audibility region of combination tones, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 52, 603-614.
• 14. Stumpf C. (1910), Beobachtungen über Kombinationstöne [in German], Z. Psychol., 55, 1-142 [Beitr. Akust. Musikwiss. 5, 1-142 (1910)].
• 15. Tartini G. (1754), Trattato di musica secondo la vera scienza del'armonia [in Italian], Stamperia del Seminario, Padova.
• 16. Vieth G. (Dir.) (1805), Ueber Combinationstöne, in Beziehung auf einige Streitschriften über sie zweier englischer Physiker, Th. Young und Jo. Gough [in German], Ann. Phys., 21, 265-314.
• 17. Waetzmann E. (1906), Zur Frage nach der Objektivität der Kombinationstöne [in German], Ann. Phys., 20, 837-845.
• 18. Zwicker E., Feldtkeller R. (1967), Das Ohr als Nachrichtenempfänger [in German], S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart.