Solar radiation fluxes at the surface of the Baltic Proper. Part 2. Uncertainties and comparison with simple bulk parametrisations

• Autorzy: Isemer H. J. , Rozwadowska A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

An adjusted version of the semi-empirical model developed by Rozwadowska (1991) was applied to calculate monthly and annual estimates of incident solar radiation fluxes at the surface of the Baltic Proper during 1980 to 1992 using voluntary observing ship meteorological observations from COADS as input data. The semi-empirical model was specifically calibrated using measurements from the Baltic Proper region. In Part 1 of this study we described the resulting solar radiation flux climatology for the Baltic Proper as well as for its three sub-basins. In this second part, we give estimates of the overall random and systematic errors of the climatological flux results, apply simple bulk parametrisations to the same COADS ship observations, and compare the results with those of the semi-empirical model presented in Part 1. This comparison shows that bulk parametrisations calibrated both in purely marine and in continental environments elsewhere on the globe produce surface radiation climates over the Baltic Proper which deviate systematically, in a seasonally and regionally varying manner, from the results of the semi-empirical model. We present evidence to show that the differences found may be due both to physical reasons and to problems with the calibration methodology. This indicates that the atmospheric conditions over the Baltic Sea require specific, regionally calibrated models and parametrisations for solar surface radiation. We suggest that international efforts be made in order, firstly, to build up inventories and accessible data compilations of existing surface radiation records from the Baltic Sea, and secondly, to initiate additional surface radiation measurement activities based on internationally accepted and co-ordinated strategies. The planned intensive observational and modelling phase of BALTEX scheduled for the years 1999 to 2001 (BRIDGE) would be an ideal start for such initiatives.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

solar radiation flux at ground level; Baltic Proper; semi-empirical model; bulk parametrisations; COADS data; BALTEX; continental and marine atmospheres

• Wydawca: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology ; Elsevier
• Czasopismo: Oceanologia
• Rocznik: 1999
• Tom: No. 41 (2)
• Strony: 147--185
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 45 poz., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Isemer H. J.

autor

Rozwadowska A.

• Institute for Atmospheric Physics, GKSS-Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany,

Bibliografia

• 1. Ashburn E. V., 1963, The radiative heat budget at the ocean-atmosphere interface, Deep-Sea Res., 10, 597-606.
• 2. BALTEX 1995, Initial implementation plan, Int. BALTEX Sec. Publ. Ser., 2, 84 pp. (Available at International BALTEX Secretariat, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Germany).
• 3. BALTEX 1997, BRIDGE – The main BALTEX Experiment 1999–2001, Int. BALTEX Sec. Publ. Ser., 9, 78 pp. (Available at International BALTEX Secretariat, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Germany).
• 4. Berliand T. G., 1960, Methods of climatological computation of total incoming solar radiation, Meteor. Gidrol., 6, 9-12.
• 5. Budyko M. I., 1963, Atlas of the heat balance of the earth, Acad. Sci., Moscow, 69 pp.
• 6. Budyko M. I., 1964, Guide to the atlas of the heat balance of the earth, translation by I. A. Donehoo, U.S. Weather Bureau, WB/T–106, Washington, 25 pp.
• 7. Budyko M. I., 1974, Climate and life, Int. Geophys. Ser., 18, Academic Press, London, 508 pp.
• 8. Budyko M. I., 1982, The earth’s climate: past and future, Int. Geophys. Ser., 29, Academic Press, London, 304 pp.
• 9. Bunker A. F., 1976, Computation of surface energy fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean from 1948 to 1972, Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1122-1140.
• 10. Davies J. A., McKay D. C., 1989, Evaluation of selected models for estimating solar radiation on horizontal surfaces, Solar Energy, 43 (3), 153-168.
• 11. Dobson F. W., Smith S. D., 1985, Estimation of solar radiation at sea, [in:] The ocean surface, Y. Toba and H. Mitsuyasa (ed.), Reidel Boston, 525-533.
• 12. Dobson F. W., Smith S. D., 1988, Bulk models of solar radiation at sea, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 114, 165-182.
• 13. Dobson F. W., Smith S. D., 1989, A comparison of incoming solar radiation at marine and continental stations, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 115, 353-364.
• 14. Froehlich C., London J. (eds.), 1986, Revised instruction manual on radiation instruments and measurements, World Meteor. Organ., Geneva, WCRP Publ. Ser. 7.
• 15. Gueymard C., 1993, Critical analysis and performance assessment of clear-sky solar irradiance models using theoretical and measured data, Solar Energy, 51 (2), 121-138.
• 16. Hahn C. J., Warren S. G., London J., Chervin R. M., Jenne R., 1982, Atlas of simultaneous occurrence of different cloud types over the ocean, NCAR technical note, NCAR/TN-201, Boulder, USA, 212 pp.
• 17. Isemer H.-J., 1987, Optimierte Parametrisierungen der klimatologischen Energie-und Impulsfl¨usse an der Oberfl¨ache des Nordatlantik, PhD thesis, Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der C.-A.-Universit¨at Kiel, 160, 184 pp.
• 18. Isemer H.-J., Hasse L., 1985, The Bunker Climate Atlas of the North Atlantic Ocean, vol. 1: Observations, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, New York, 218 pp.
• 19. Kaiser J. A., Hill R. H., 1976, The influence of small cloud covers on the global irradiance at sea, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 395-398.
• 20. Kasten F., Czeplak G., 1980, Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud, Solar Energy, 24, 177-189.
• 21. Latimer J. R., 1978, Radiation measurement, International field year for the Great Lakes, Tech. Manual Ser. 2, The Sec. Cdn. Nat. Comm. Int. Hydrol. Decade, 8 Bldg., Carling Ave., Ottawa, Canada.
• 22. Lenoble J. (ed.), 1985, Radiative transfer in scattering and absorbing atmospheres: standard computational procedures, A. Deepak Publ., Hampton, Virginia, USA, 300 pp.
• 23. Louche A., Simonnot G., Iqbal M., 1988, Experimental verification of some clear-sky insolation models, Solar Energy, 41 (3), 273-279.
• 24. Meteorological yearbooks, for the years 1951–1960, 1971–1981, Inst. Meteor. i Gosp. Wodn., Warszawa, (in Polish).
• 25. McClatchey R. A., Bolle H.-J., Kondratyev K. Ya., Joseph H. J., Raschke E., Pollack J. B., Spankuch D., Mateer C., 1984, A preliminary cloudless standard atmosphere for radiation computation, Int. Ass. Meteor. Atmosph. Phys., Radiation Commiss., Boulder, Colorado, 53 pp.
• 26. Moll A., Radach G., 1992, Application of Dobson and Smith’s solar radiation model to German Bight data, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 117, 845-851.
• 27. Mullamaa Yu.-A. R. (ed.), 1972, Stochastic structure of cloud and radiation fields, Acad. Sci. Estonian SSR, Inst. Phys. and Astr., Tartu, 282 pp.
• 28. Niekamp K., 1992, Untersuchung zur Gute der Parametrisierung von Malevskii-Malevich zur Bestimmung der solaren Einstrahlung an der Ozeanoberfläche, Diploma thesis, Institut f¨ur Meereskunde Kiel, 107 pp.
• 29. Paltridge G. W., Platt C. M. R., 1976, Radiative processes in meteorology and climatology, Elsevier, New York, 318 pp.
• 30. Reed R. K., 1977, On estimating insolation over the ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 482-485.
• 31. Rozwadowska A., 1991, A model of solar energy input into the Baltic Sea, Stud. i Mater. Oceanol,. 59, 6, 223-242.
• 32. Rozwadowska A., 1999, Uncertainty in estimation of mean solar radiation fluxes at the Baltic surface from irregular ship-borne meteorological observations, Oceanologia, 41 (1), 25-50.
• 33. Rozwadowska A., Isemer H.-J., 1998, Solar radiation fluxes at the surface of the Baltic Proper. Part 1. Mean annual cycle and influencing factors, Oceanologia, 40 (4), 307-330.
• 34. Schmetz J., 1983, On the parametrisation of the radiative properties of broken clouds, Tellus, 36 A, 417-432.
• 35. Schönwiese C.-D., 1985, Praktische Statistik, Gebr. Borntr¨ager, Berlin, Stuttgart, 231 pp.
• 36. Seckel G. R., Beaudry F. H., 1973, The radiation from the sun and sky over the North Pacific Ocean, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 54, 1114.
• 37. Smirnov A., Royer A., O’Neill T. N., Tarussov A., 1994, A study of the link between synoptic air mass type and atmospheric optical parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (D10), 20967-20982.
• 38. Tabata S., 1964, Insolation in relation to cloud amount and suns altitude, Stud. Oceanogr., Univ. Washington Press, USA, 202-210.
• 39. Timofeyev Kh. A., 1983, Radiative balance of the oceans, Nauk. Dumka, Kiyev, 247 pp., (in Russian).
• 40. Villevalde Yu. V., Smirnov A. V., O’Neill N. T., Smyshlyaev S. P., Yakovlev V. V., 1994, Measurement of aerosol optical depth in the Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (D10), 20983-20988.
• 41. Warren S. G., Hahn C. J., London J., 1985, Simultaneous occurrence of different cloud types, J. Climate Appl. Met., 24, 658-667.
• 42. Weare B. C., 1989, Uncertainties in estimates of surface heat fluxes derived from marine reports over the tropical and subtropical oceans, Tellus, 41 (A), 357-370.
• 43. Weare B. C., Strubb P. T., 1981, The significance of sampling biases on calculating monthly mean oceanic surface heat fluxes, Tellus, 33, 211-224.
• 44. Woodruff S. D., Slutz R. J., Jenne R. L., Steurer P. M., 1987, A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 521-527.
• 45. Yegorov V. N., Kirillova T. V., 1973, Global radiation over the ocean under cloudless sky conditions, Trudy GGO, 297, 87-98.