Application of a σ-coordinate baroclinic model to the Baltic Sea

• Autorzy: Jankowski A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

A three-dimensional (3-D) sigma-coordinate baroclinic model is used to investigate water circulation and thermohaline variability in the Baltic Sea. Two versions of the horizontal resolution of ~ 10 km and ~ 5 km with 24 sigma-levels in the vertical are considered. The model is based on the Princeton Ocean Model code of Blumberg & Mellor (1987) and Mellor (1993), known as POM. This paper presents details of simulation strategies and briefly discusses the 'reality' of the results of modelling. The model's capabilities of simulating the characteristic hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea were tested for 3 months (August-October 1995), a simulation related to the period of the PIDCAP'95 experiment (Pilot Study for Intensive Data Collection and Analysis and Precipitation) (Isemer 1996). The model results are compared with the in situ measurements of temperature and salinity at selected hydrographic stations, collected during cruises of r/v 'Oceania' in September and October 1995. Comparison of computed and measured temperature and salinity shows that the model reproduces the vertical structure of seawater temperature and salinity in relatively good accordance with the in situ observations. The differences between the calculated and observed values of temperature and salinity are c. 1-2oC and c. 1-2 PSU, depending on the location of the hydrographic station.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

numerical modelling; Baltic Sea; sigma-coordinate model; hydrological parameters

• Wydawca: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology ; Elsevier
• Czasopismo: Oceanologia
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: No. 44 (1)
• Strony: 59--80
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 52 poz., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Jankowski A.

• Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland,

Bibliografia

• [1] Anisimov M. V., Zhurbas V. M., Paka V. T., Subbotina M. M., Koshkosh G. A., 2000, Model investigation of the overflow water dynamics in the Stolpe Channel in the Baltic Sea, Okeanologiya, 40, 666-672, (in Russian).
• [2] Blumberg A. F., Mellor G. L., 1987, A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model, pp. 1-16, [in:] Three-dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, N. Heaps (ed.), Am. Geophys. Union, 4, 208 pp.
• [3] Bock K. H., 1971, Monatskarten des Salzgehaltes der Ostsee, dargestellt für verschiedene Tiefenhorizonte, Dt. Hydrogr. Z., 12, 148 pp.
• [4] Cox M. D., Bryan K., 1984, A numerical model of the ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 674-687.
• [5] Forsythe G. E., Malcolm M. M., Moler C. B., 1977, Computer methods for mathematical computations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 076332, 299 pp.
• [6] Herman A., Jankowski A., 2001, Wind- and density-driven water circulation in the southern Baltic Sea: a numerical analysis, TASK Quart., 5, 29-58.
• [7] Isemer H. J., 1996, Weather patterns and selected precipitation records in the PIDCAP period, August to November 1995, GKSS Report No. 96/E/55, 1-92.
• [8] Jankowski A., 2000, Wind-induced variability of hydrological parameters in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea – a numerical study, Oceanol. Stud., 29, 5-34.
• [9] Jankowski A., Kowalik Z., 1980, Diagnostic model of wind- and density-driven currents in the Baltic Sea, Oceanol. Acta, 3, 301-308.
• [10] Jankowski A., Masłowski W., 1991, Methodological aspects of wind momentum, heat and moisture fluxes evaluation from the standard hydrometeorological measurements on board a ship, Stud. i Mater. Oceanol., 58, 63-76.
• [11] Jędrasik J., 1997, The influence of the advection on the water temperature distribution in the Gulf of Gdańsk; numerical study, Oceanol. Stud., 26 (4), 41-64.
• [12] Kielmann J., 1981a, Grundlagen und Anwendung eines numerischen Modells der geschichteten Ostsee, Ber. Inst. Meereskunde Univ. Kiel, 87a, 1-158.
• [13] Kielmann J., 1981b, Grundlagen und Anwendung eines numerischen Modells der geschichteten Ostsee, Ber. Inst. Meereskunde Univ. Kiel, 87b, 1-116.
• [14] Kowalewski M., 1997, A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Gulf of Gdańsk, Oceanol. Stud., 26 (4), 77-98.
• [15] Kowalik Z., Murty T. S., 1993, Numerical modeling of ocean dynamics, Advanced Ser. on Ocean Eng., 5, World Sci. Publ., Singapore-New Jersey-London-Hong Kong, 481 pp.
• [16] Kowalik Z., Staśkiewicz A., 1976, Diagnostic model of the circulation in the Baltic Sea, Dt. Hydrogr. Z., 29, 239-250.
• [17] Krauss W., Brügge B., 1991, Wind-produced water exchange between the deep basins of the Baltic Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 373-384.
• [18] Large W. G., Pond S., 1981, Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 324-336.
• [19] Launiainen J., 1979, Studies of energy exchange between the air and the sea surface on the coastal area of the Gulf of Finland, Finnish Mar. Res., 246, 3-110.
• [20] Launiainen J., Vihma T., 1990, Derivation of turbulent surface fluxes – an iterative flux – profile method allowing arbitrary observing heights, Environm. Software, 5, 113-124.
• [21] Lehmann A., 1995, A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea, Tellus, 47A, 1013-1031.
• [22] Lehmann A., Hinrichsen H. H., 2000a, On the thermohaline variability of the Baltic Sea, J. Mar. Sys., 25, 333-357.
• [23] Lehmann A., Hinrichsen H. H., 2000b, On the wind driven and thermohaline circulation of the Baltic Sea, Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 25, 183-189.
• [24] Lenz W., 1971, Monatskarten der Temperatur der Ostsee, dargestellt für verschiedene Tiefenhorizonte, Dt. Hydrogr. Z., 11, 148 pp.
• [25] Meier H. E. M., 1999, First results of multi-year simulations using a 3-D Baltic Sea model, SMHI, Reports Oceanogr. No. 27, 1-48.
• [26] Meier H. E. M., Döscher R., Coward A. C., Nycander J., Döös K., 1999, RCO – Rossby Centre regional Ocean climate model: model description (version 1.0) and first results from the hindcast period 1992/93, SMHI, Reports Oceanogr. No. 26, 1-102.
• [27] Mellor G. L., 1993, User’s guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation, numerical ocean model, Prog. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Princeton University, 35 pp.
• [28] Mellor G. L., Yamada T., 1974, A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 13, 1791-1806.
• [29] Mellor G. L., Yamada T., 1982, Development of a turbulent closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851-875.
• [30] Mesinger F., Arakawa A., 1976, Numerical models used in atmospheric models, GARP Publ. Ser., 17 (1), WMO-ICSU, 64 pp.
• [31] Oey L.-Y., Chen P., 1992, A model simulation of circulation in the northeast Atlantic shelves and seas, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20087-20115.
• [32] Omstedt A., 1990, Modelling the Baltic Sea as thirteen sub-basins with vertical resolution, Tellus, 42A, 286-301.
• [33] Paka V. T., Zhurbas V. M., Golenko N. N., Stefantsev L. A., 1998, Effect of Ekman transport on the overflow of saline waters through the Slupsk Furrow in the Baltic Sea, Fiz. Atmos. i Okieana, 34, 713-720, (in Russian).
• [34] Pivovarov A. A., 1972, Thermology of freezing over water bodies, Izd. Moskovsk. Univ., Moskva, 140 pp., (in Russian).
• [35] Ramming H. G., Kowalik Z., 1980, Numerical modelling of marine hydrodynamics, Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser., 26, 369 pp.
• [36] Rozwadowska A., 1991, A model of solar energy input into the Baltic Sea, Stud. i Mater. Oceanol., 59, 223-242.
• [37] Sarkisyan A. S., Staśkiewicz A., Kowalik Z., 1975, Diagnostic calculations of summer circulation in the Baltic Sea, Okeanologiya, 15, 1002-1009, (in Russian).
• [38] Schrum C., Backhaus J., 1999, Sensitivity of atmosphere – ocean heat exchange and heat content in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, Tellus, 51A, 526-549.
• [39] Seifert T., Kayser B., 1995, A high resolution spherical grid topography of the Baltic Sea, Meereswissensch. Ber., Inst. für Ostseeforschung, Warnemünde, 9, 72-88.
• [40] Simons T. S., 1978, Wind-driven circulations in the southwest Baltic, Tellus, 30, 272-283.
• [41] Smagorinsky J., 1963, General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiment, Mon. Weath. Rev., 91, 99-164.
• [42] Stevenson J. W., 1982, Computation of heat and momentum fluxes at the sea surface during the Hawaii to Tahiti Shuttle Experiment, Joint Inst. Mar. Atmos. Res. Univ. of Hawaii No. 82-0044, Honolulu, 42 pp.
• [43] Stigebrandt A., 1983, A model for the exchange of water and salt between the Baltic and the Skagerrak, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13 (2), 411-427.
• [44] Stigebrandt A., 1987a, A model of the vertical circulation of the Baltic deep water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17 (2), 1772-1785.
• [45] Stigebrandt A., 1987b, Computations of the flow of dense water into the Baltic Sea from hydrological measurements in the Arcona Basin, Tellus, 39A (2), 170-177.
• [46] Svansson A., 1972, Canal models of sea level and salinity variations in the Baltic and adjacent waters, Fish. Board of Sweden, Ser. Hydrogr., 26, 1-72.
• [47] Svendsen E., Berntsen J., Skogen M., Ådlandsvik B., Martinsen E., 1996, Model simulation of the Skagerrak circulation and hydrography during Skagex, J. Mar. Sys., 8, 219-236.
• [48] Tsarev V., 2001, Simulation of bottom water in the Central Baltic, Proc. 3rd Study BALTEX Conf., Aaland Islands (Finland), 2-6 July 2001, Int. BALTEX Secret., GKSS Res. Center, Geesthacht, 233-234.
• [49] UNESCO, 1983, Algorithms for the computation of fundamental properties of seawater, UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci., 44, 53 pp.
• [50] Woźniak S. B., Zapadka T., Woźniak B., 2001, Comparison between various formulae for sea surface net long-wave radiation flux and a new empirical formula for the southern Baltic region, Proc. 3rd Study BALTEX Conf., Aaland Islands (Finland), 2-6 July 2001, Int. BALTEX Secret., GKSS Res. Center, Geesthacht, 257-258.
• [51] Zapadka T., Woźniak S. W., Woźniak B., 2001, A simple formula for the net long-wave radiation flux in the southern Baltic Sea, Oceanologia, 43 (3), 265-277.
• [52] Zhurbas V., Paka V., 2001, Generation of deep water cyclonic eddies in the East Gotland Basin following major Baltic inflows: Numerical experiments, Proc. 3rd Study BALTEX Conf., Aaland Islands (Finland), 2-6 July 2001, Int. BALTEX Secret., GKSS Res. Center, Geesthacht, 261-262.