Właściwości i zastosowania wody pod- i nadkrytycznej

• Autorzy: Światła-Wójcik D.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Properties and applications of sub- and supercritical water

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

In the last decades, sub- and supercritical water has received continuously increasing attention as a reaction medium. As safe, non-toxic, readily accessible it is used in chemical synthesis, waste destruction and biomass processing [1–4]. A broad area of technological and industrial applications of sub- and supercritical water arises from its physical and transport properties falling between those of a gas and a liquid. The solvent properties of water can rapidly change with increasing pressure and temperature [2, 5, 10]. Above the critical point (Tc = 647.1 K, Pc = 22.06 MPa) water becomes highly compressible and diffusive. The static dielectric constant approaches values characteristic for low-polar solvent (Fig. 5). Contrary to liquid water at ambient conditions, supercritical water is a poor solvent for ionic species but is well miscible with hydrocarbons and gases (Fig. 6). The ionic product of supercritical water can be a few orders of magnitude higher than in ambient water (Fig. 4) with consequent effect on the kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions. By adjustment of thermodynamic conditions one can tune density, viscosity, polarity or pH of water to the desired solvation properties without any change in the chemical composition. An alternation in the character of water solvent near and above the critical point is the consequence of the structural transformations in the hydrogen-bonded network. As evidenced by many experimental and simulation studies the average number of hydrogen bonds per molecule and the lifetime of H-bonds decrease with increasing temperature and decreasing density [2, 10, 19]. With respect to experiment computer simulation plays an equal, and sometimes pivotal role, in quantitative characterization and understanding of water under extreme conditions. Precise definition of an H-bond employed in computer simulation allows one to examine size and topology of clusters of hydrogen-bonded molecules for various thermodynamic states [17, 19]. Such knowledge is invaluable to link features of the hydrogen bonding with the macroscopic properties of water [10, 19]. This article provides an overview of three aspects concerning water from ambient to supercritical conditions. In Chapter 1 the physical and transport properties are reviewed. Features of hydrogen bonding and a relationship between the molecular engagement in hydrogen-bonded clusters and macroscopic properties of water are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 focuses on technological and industrial applications of sub- and supercritical water. The summary concludes on main research needs.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

woda podkrytyczna; woda nadkrytyczna; wiązania wodorowe; klastery molekularne; SCWO

EN

subcritical water; supercritical water; hydrogen bonding; molecular clusters; SCWO

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
• Czasopismo: Wiadomości Chemiczne
• Rocznik: 2010
• Tom: [Z] 64, 3-4
• Strony: 225--242
• Opis fizyczny: bibliogr. 27 poz., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Światła-Wójcik D.

• Międzyresortowy Instytut Techniki Radiacyjnej, Politechnika Łódzka, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź,

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