Trace fossils in the Cretaceous-Eocene flysch of the Sinop-Boyabat Basin, Central Pontides, Turkey

• Autorzy: Uchman A. , Janbu N. E. , Nemec W.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Sixty six ichnotaxa have been recognized in Barremian-Lutetian deep-marine deposits of the Sinop- Boyabat Basin, north-central Turkey, which evolved from a backarc rift into a retroarc foreland, with two episodes of major shallowing. The blackish-grey shales of the Çađlayan Fm (Barremian-Cenomanian) contain low- diversity traces fossils of mobile sediment feeders influenced by low oxygenation. One of the oldest occurrences of Scolicia indicates early adaptation to burrowing in organic-rich mud. The "normal" flysch of the Coniacian- Campanian Yemişliçay Fm bears a low-diversity Nereites ichnofacies influenced by volcanic activity. The Maastrichtian-Late Palaeocene carbonate flysch of the Akveren Fm contains a Nereites ichnofacies of moderate diversity, which is impoverished in the uppermost part, where tempestites indicate marked shallowing. The overlying variegated muddy flysch of the Atbaşý Fm (latest Palaeocene-earliest Eocene) bears an impoverished Nereites ichnofacies, which is attributed to oligotrophy and reduced preservation potential. The sand-rich silici-clastic flysch of the Kusuri Fm (Early-Middle Eocene) bears a high-diversity Nereites ichnofacies, except for the topmost part, where tempestites and littoral bioclastic limestone reflect rapid shallowing due to the tectonic closure of the basin. The turbiditic channel-fill and proximal lobe facies show a reduced trace-fossil diversity, but abundant Ophiomorpha , which is typical of the Ophiomorpha rudis sub-ichnofacies of the Nereites ichnofacies. The high abundance of Ophiomorpha in the Kusuri Fm and its low abundance in the Akveren Fm are related to plant detritus supply. The Kusuri turbiditic system was fed by a large delta, supplying rich plant detritus, whereas the Akveren system was fed by a carbonate ramp that supplied little or no such material. The extension of the Nereites ichnofacies into the tempestite-bearing neritic deposits at the top of both the Akveren and Kusuri formations indicates the capacity of the deep-water ichnofauna to survive in a rapidly-shoaling restricted basin. Only the topmost shoreface sandstones of the Akveren Fm show sporadic Ophiomorpha ? nodosa, a typical shallow-marine trace fossil.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ichnology; Nereites ichnofacies; bathymetry; turbidites; tempestites; rift; foreland

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne
• Czasopismo: Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: Vol. 74, No 2
• Strony: 197--235
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 152 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Uchman A.

• Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland

autor

Janbu N. E.

• Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 4, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

autor

Nemec W.

• Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 4, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

Bibliografia

• 1. Aktaş, G. & Robertson, A. H. F., 1990. Tectonic evolution of the Tethys suture zone in SE Turkey: evidence from the petrology and geochemistry of Late Cretaceous and Middle Eocene extrusives. In: Malpas, J., Moores, E. M., Panayiotou, A. & Xenophontos, C. (eds), Ophiolites - Oceanic Crustal Analogues. Proceeding of the International Symposium Troodos 1987. Cyprus Geological Survey, Nicosia, pp. 311-328.
• 2. Akýncý, Ö., 1984. The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: Dixon, J. E. & Robertson, A. H. F. (eds), The geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 17: 415-428.
• 3. Andrew, T. & Robertson, A. H. F., 2002. The Beytehir-Hoyran-Hadým nappes: genesis and emplacement of Mesozoic marginal and oceanic units of the northern Neotethys in southern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 159: 529-543.
• 4. Aydm, M., Demir, O., Özçelik, Y., Terzioğlu, N. & Satýr, M., 1995a. A geological revision of Inebolu, Devrekani, Ağlý and Küre areas: new observations on Paleotethys-Neotethys sedimentary successions. In: Erler, A., Tuncay, E., Bingöl, E. & Örçen, S. (eds), Geology of the Black Sea Region. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara, pp. 33-38.
• 5. Aydm, M., Demir, O., Serdar, H. S., Özaydin, S. & Harput, B., 1995b. Tectono-sedimentary evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the Sinop-Boyabat Basin, North Türkiye. In: Erler, A., Tuncay, E., Bingöl, E. & Örçen, S. (eds), Geology of the Black Sea Region. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara, pp. 254-263.
• 6. Aydm, M., Tahintürk, Ö., Serdar, H. S., Özçelik, Y., Akarsu, I., Üngör, A., Çokugraş, R. & Kasar, S., 1986. Geology of the region between Ballidağ-Çangaldagi (Kastamonu). (In Turkish, English abstract) Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 29, 1-16.
• 7. Azpeitia Moros, F., 1933. Datos para el estudio paleontólogico del Flysch de la Costa Cantábrica y de algunos otros puntos de España. Boletin del Instituto Geologico y Minero de España, 53: 1-65.
• 8. Barka, A., Sütęü, Y.F., Gedik, A., Tekin, T.F., Arei, E., Özdemir, M. & Erkal, T., 1985. Final Report on the Geological Investigation for the Sinop Nuclear Power Plant. Report No. 7963, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara. [No pagination].
• 9. Bottjer, D. J., Droser, M. L. & Jabłoński, D., 1988. Palaeoenvironmental trends in the history of trace fossils. Nature, 333: 252-255.
• 10. Bromley, R. G., 1996. Trace Fossils. Biology, Taphonomy and Applications. 2nd Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 361 pp.
• 11. Bromley, R. G. & Hanken, N.-M., 2003. Structure and function of large, lobed Zoophycos, Pliocene of Rhodes, Greece. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 79-100.
• 12. Brongniart, A. T., 1823. Observations surles Fucoids. Sociéte ďHistorie Naturelle de Paris, Mémoire, 1: 301-320.
• 13. Brongniart, A. T., 1828. Histoire des věgétaux fossiles ou recherches botaniques et géologiques surles végétaux renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe, volume 1. G. Dufour & E. ďOcagne, Paris, 136 pp.
• 14. Brongniart, A. T., 1849. Tableau des generes de végétaux fossiles considérés sous le point de vue de leur classification botanique et de leur distribution géologique. Dictionnaire Universel Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 13: 1-27, 152-176.
• 15. Chamberlain, C. K., 1977. Ordovician and Devonian trace fossils
• 16. rom Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin,, 90: 1-24.
• 17. Cloetingh, S., Spadini, G., Van Wees, J. D. & Beekman, F., 2003. Thermo-mechanical modelling of Black Sea Basin (de)formation. Sedimentary Geology, 156: 169-184.
• 18. Collins, A. C. & Robertson, A. H. F., 1998. Processes of Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene episodic thrust sheet translation in the Lycian Taurides, SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 155: 759-772.
• 19. Collins, A. C. & Robertson, A. H. F., 2000. Evolution of the Lycian allochthon, western Turkey, as a north-facing late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic rift and passive continental margin. Geological Journal, 34: 107-138.
• 20. Crimes, P. T. & Fedonkin, M. A., 1994. Evolution and dispersal of deepsea traces. Palaios, 9: 74-83.
• 21. DeCelles, P. G. & Giles, K. A., 1996. Foreland basin systems. BasinResearch, 8: 105-123.
• 22. Dilek, Y. & Moores, E. M., 1990. Regional tectonics of the eastern Mediterranean ophiolites. In: Malpas, J., Moores, E. M., Panayiotou, A. & Xenophontos, C. (eds), Ophiolites - Oceanic
• 23. Crustal Analogues. Proceeding of the International Symposium Troodos 1987. Cyprus Geological Survey, Nicosia, pp. 295-309.
• 24. Dilek, Y. & Rowland, J. C., 1993. Evolution of a conjugate passive margin pair in Mesozoic southern Turkey. Tectonics, 12: 954-970.
• 25. Dżułyński, S. & Walton, E. K., 1965. Sedimentary Features of Flysch and Greywackes. Developments in Sedimentology, 7, 274 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• 26. Eğin, D., Hirst, D. M. & Phillips, R., 1979. The petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the northern Hartit River area, Pontide volcanic province, northeastern Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 6: 105-123.
• 27. Ehrenberg, K., 1944. Ergänzende Bemerkungen zu den seinerzeit aus dem Miozäan von Burgschleinitz beschrieben Gangkernen und Bauten dekapoder Krebse. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 23: 354-359.
• 28. Eichwald, E., 1860-1868. Lethaea Rossica ou paleontologie de la Russie. Décrite et Figurée, Volume 1 (1860), Atlas (1868). E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 1657 pp.
• 29. Ekdale, A. A., 1992. Mudraking and mudslinging: the joys of deposit-feeding. In: Maples, C. G. & West, R. R. (eds), Trace Fossils. Short Course in Paleontology, 5. The Paleontological Society, Cincinnati, pp. 145-171.
• 30. Ekdale, A. A. & Lewis, D. W., 1991. The New Zealand Zoophycos revisited. Ichnos, 1: 183-194.
• 31. Emmons, E., 1844. The Taconic System Based on Observations in New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, and Rhode Island. Caroll and Cook, Albany, 63 pp.
• 32. Ernst, G. & Zander, J., 1993. Stratigraphy, facies development, and trace fossils of the Upper Cretaceous of Southern Tanzania (Kilwa District). In: Abbate, E., Sagri, M. & Sassi, F. P. (eds), Geology and Mineral Resources of Somalia and Surrounding Regions. Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare, Florence, pp. 259-278.
• 33. Fillion, D. & Pickerill, R. K., 1990. Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 7: 1-119.
• 34. Fischer-Ooster, C., 1858. Die fossilen Fucoiden der Schweizer Alpen, nebst Erörterungen iiber deren geologisches Alter. Huber, Bern, 72 pp.
• 35. Frey, R. W., 1970. Trace fossils of Fort Hays Limestone Member of Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), West-Central Kansas. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 53: 1-41.
• 36. Frey, R. W., Curran, A. H. & Pemberton, G. S., 1984. Tracemaking activities of crabs and their environmental significance: the ichnogenus Psilonichnus. Journal of Paleontology, 58: 511-528.
• 37. Frey, R. W., Howard, J. D. & Pryor, W. A., 1978. Ophiomorpha: its morphologic, taxonomic, and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 23: 199-223.
• 38. Fu, S., 1991. Funktion, Verhalten und Einteilung fucoider und lophoctenoider Lebensspuren. Courier Forschungs. Institut Senckenberg, 135: 1-79.
• 39. Fuchs, T., 1895. Studien über Fucoiden und Hieroglyphen. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 62: 369- 448.
• 40. Gabelli, L. De, 1900. Sopra un’ interesssante impronta medusoidae. 11 Pensiero Aristotelico della Scienza Moderna, 1(2): 74-78.
• 41. Gedik, A., Ercan, T. & Korkmaz, S., 1984. Orta Karadeniz (Samsun-Sinop) havzasmin jeolojisi ve volkanik kayaçlarin petrolojisi. (In Turkish). Bulletin of the Institute of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey, 99/100: 33-50.
• 42. Gedik, A. & Korkmaz, S., 1984. Geology of the Sinop basin and petroleum possibilities. (In Turkish, English abstract). Jeoloji Mühendisliği, 19: 53-79.
• 43. Gierlowski-Kordesh, E. & Ernst, G., 1987. A flysch trace fossil assemblage from the Upper Cretaceous shelf of Tanzania. In: Mathesis, G. & Schandelmeier, H. (eds), Current Research in African Earth Sciences. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 217—221.
• 44. Göncüoğlu, M. C., Turhan, N., Şentürk, K., Özcan, A., Uysal, Ş. & Yalmiz, M. K., 2000. A geotraverse across northwestern Turkey: tectonic units of the Central Sakarya region and their tectonic evolution. In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Areas. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 173: 139-161.
• 45. Görür, N., 1988. Timing of opening of the Black Sea basin. Tectonophysics, 147: 247-262.
• 46. Görür, N., Çağatay, N., Sakýnę, M., Akkök, R., Tchapalyga, A. & Natalin, B., 2000. Neogene Paratethyan succession in Turkey and its implications for the palaeogeography of the Eastern Paratethys. In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A. (eds), Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding areas. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 173:251-269.
• 47. Görür, N., Oktay, F. Y., Seymen, I. & Şengör, A. M. C., 1984. Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuszölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neotethyan closure. In: Dixon, J. E. & Robertson, A. H. F. (eds), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 17: 467-482.
• 48. Görür, N. & Tüysüz, O., 1997. Petroleum geology of the southern continental margin of the Black Sea. In: Robinson, A. G. (ed.), Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding regions. American Association of Petroleum Geology, Memoir, 68: 241-254.
• 49. Görür, N. & Tüysüz, O., 2001. Cretaceous to Miocene palaeogeographic evolution of Turkey: implications for hydrocarbon potential. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 24: 119-146.
• 50. Grossgeim, V. A. 1961. Niekatoriye noviye gieroglifi iz nizhniemielovikh otľozeniy severo-zapodnokho Kavkaza. (In Russian). Trudy Krasnodarskoho Filaľa Vsesoyuznoho Neftegazovoho Nauchno-Issedovatielskoho Instituta, 6: 202-206.
• 51. Gürer, Ö. F. & Aldanmaz, E. 2002. Origin of the Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins within the Tauride-Anatolide platform in Turkey. Geological Magazine, 139: 191-197.
• 52. Hall, J., 1852. Paleontology of New York. Volume 2. C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, 362 pp.
• 53. Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J. & Vail, P. R., 1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and eustatic cycles. In: Wilgus, C. K., Hastings, B. S., Posamentier, H. W., Van Wagoner, J. C., Ross, C. A. & Kendall, C.G. S.C. (eds), Sea-level changes - an integrated approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 42: 71-108.
• 54. Hayward, A. B., 1984. Sedimentation and basin formation related to ophiolite nappe emplacement, Miocene, SW Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 40: 105-129.
• 55. Heer, O., 1877. Flora Fossilis Helvetiae. Vorweltliche Flora der Schweiz. J. Wurster & Co., Zürich, 182 pp.
• 56. Janbu, N. E., Leren, B. L. S., Kirman, E. & Nemec, W., 2003. The Late Cretaceous-Eocene turbiditic sedimentation in the Sinop Basin, north-central Turkey: response to tectonic changes in basin morphology. In: Abstracts AAPG-SEPM Annual Convention, Part A. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Salt Lake City, p. 84.
• 57. Jensen, S. & Mens, K., 1999. A Lower Cambrian shallow-water occurrence of the branched ‘deep-water’ type trace fossil Dendrorhaphe from the Lontova Formation, eastern Latvia. Paläontologisches Zeitschrift, 73: 187-193.
• 58. Kaymakci, N., Duermeijer, C. E., Langereis, C., White, S. H. & Van Dijk, P. M., 2003. Palaeomagnetic evolution of the ęankin Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): implications for oroclinal bending due to indentation. Geological Magazine, 140: 343-355.
• 59. Keighley, D. G. & Pickerill, R. K., 1995. The ichnotaxa Palaeophycus and Planolites: historical perspectives and recommendations. Ichnos 3: 301-309.
• 60. Ketin, I. & Gümüt, Ö., 1963. Sinop-Ayancik arasindaki, III. Bölgeye dahil sahalarýn jeolojisi hakkinda rapor; 2. Kisim, Jura ve Kretase formasyonlarýnýn etüdü. Turkish Petroleum Company Report, 288: 1-118.
• 61. Kotake, N. 1989. Paleoecology of the Zoophycos producers. Lethaia, 22: 327-341
• 62. Kotake, N., 1991a. Non-selective surface deposit feeding by the Zoophycos producers. Lethaia, 24: 379-385.
• 63. Kotake, N., 1991b. Packing process for filling material in Chondrites. Ichnos, 1: 277-285.
• 64. Kotake, N., 1992. Deep-sea echiurans: possible producers of Zoophycos. Lethaia, 25: 311-316.
• 65. Książkiewicz, M., 1968. On some problematic organic traces from the Flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Part 3. (In Polish, English summary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 38: 3-17.
• 66. Książkiewicz, M., 1970. Observations on the ichnofauna of the Polish Carpathians. In: Crimes, T. P. & Harper, C. (eds), Trace Fossils. Geological Journal, Special Issue, 3: 283-322.
• 67. Książkiewicz, M., 1977. Trace fossils in the Flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Palaeontologia Polonica, 36: 1-208.
• 68. Lees, A. & Buller, A. T., 1972. Modem temperate-water and warm-water shelf carbonate sediments contrasted. Marine Geology, 13: 67-73.
• 69. Leren, B. L. S., 2003. Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Sedimentation in the Sinop-Boyabat Basin, North-Central Turkey: Facies Analysis of Turbiditic to Shallow-Marine Deposits. Unpubl. Candidatum Scientiarum Thesis, University of Bergen, 140 pp.
• 70. Leszczyński, S. & Uchman, A., 1993. Biogenic structures of organic-poor sediments: examples from the Paleogene variegated shales, Polish Outer Carpathians. Ichnos, 2: 267-275.
• 71. Lorenz von Libumau, J. R., 1902. Ergänzung zur Beschriebung der fossilen Halimeda fuggeri. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlich-königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 111: 685-712.
• 72. Löwemark, L. & Schäfer, P., 2003. Ethological implications from a detailed X-ray radiograph and 14C study of the modem deep-sea Zoophycos. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 101-121.
• 73. Lundgren, B., 1891. Studier öfVer fossilförande lösa block (In Swedish). Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlinger, 13: 111-121.
• 74. MacLeay, W. S., 1839. Note on the Annelida. In: Murchison, R. I. (ed.), The Silurian System. Part II: Organic Remains. Murray, London, pp. 699-701.
• 75. Mángano, G. M., Buatois, L., West, R. R. & Maples, C. G., 2002. Ichnology of a Pennsylvanian equatorial tidal flat - the Stull Shale Member at Waverly, eastern Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin, 245: 1-133.
• 76. Massalongo, A., 1855. Zoophycos. Novum Genus Plantorum Fossilium. Antonelli, Verona, 52 pp.
• 77. Massalongo, A., 1856. Studi Paleontologici. Antonelli, Verona, 53 pp.
• 78. McCann, T., 1990. Distribution of Ordovician-Silurian ichnofossil assemblages in Wales - implications for Phanerozoic ichnofaunas. Lethaia, 23: 243-255.
• 79. McCoy, F., 1850. On some genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the collection of the University of Cambridge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 6: 270-290.
• 80. Michard, A., Whitechurch, H., Ricou, L. E., Montigny, R. & Yazgan, E., 1984. Tauric subduction (Malatya-Elazig provinces) and its bearing on tectonics of the Tethyan realm in Turkey. In: Dixon, J. E. & Robertson, A. H. F. (eds), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Geologica Society of London, Special Publication, 17: 361-373.
• 81. Meredith, D. J. & Egan, S. S., 2002. The geological and geodynamic evolution of the eastern Black Sea basin: insights from 2-D and 3-D tectonic modelling. Tectonophysics, 350: 157-179.
• 82. Nicholson, H. A., 1873. Contributions to the study of the errant annelids of the older Palaeozoic rock. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 21: 288-290. [Published also in Geologial Magazine, 10: 309-310.]
• 83. Nikishin, A. M., Korotaev, M. V., Ershov, A. V. & Brunet, M.-F., 2003. The Black Sea basin: tectonic history and Neogene-Quatemary rapid subsidence modelling. Sedimentary Geology, 156: 149-168.
• 84. Okay, A. I., 1989. Tectonic units and sutures in the Pontides, northern Turkey. In: Şengör, A. M. C. (ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluver, Dordrecht, pp. 109-115.
• 85. Okay, A. I . & Şahintürk, Ö., 1997. Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson, A. G. (ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 68: 29-311.
• 86. Okay, A. I., Şengör, A. M. I. & Görür, N., 1994. Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions. Geology, 22: 267-270.
• 87. Okay, A. I., Tansel, L & Tüysüz, O., 2001. Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 138: 117-142.
• 88. Okay, A. I. & Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horváth, F. & Séranne, M. (eds), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 156: 475-515.
• 89. Olivero, D., 2003. Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous evolution of Zoophycos in French Subalpine Basin (southeast France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 59-78.
• 90. Osgood, R. G., 1970. Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area. Palaeontographica Americana, 6: 193-235.
• 91. Peccerillo, A. & Taylor, S. R., 1975. Geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the Pontide chain, northern Turkey. Bulletin of Volcanology, 39: 1-13.
• 92. Pemberton, G. S. & Frey, R. W., 1982. Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma. Journal of Paleontology, 56: 843-881.
• 93. Pemberton, S. G., Spila, M., Pulham, A. J., Saunders, T., MacEachem, J. A., Robbins, D. & Sinclair, I. K., 2001. Ichnology and sedimentology of shallow to marginal marine systems: Ben Nevis and Avalon reservoirs, Jeanne D’Arc Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 15: 1-343.
• 94. Peruzzi, D. G., 1880. Osservazioni sui generi Paleodictyon e Paleomeandron dei terreni cretacei ed eocenici dell’Appennino sett, e centrale. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scenze Naturali Residente in Pisa, Memorie, 5: 3-8.
• 95. Pervesler, P. & Uchman, A., 2004. Ichnofossils from the type area of the Grund Formation (Miocene, Lower Badenian) in northern Lower Austria (Molasse Basin). Geologica Carpathica, 55:103-110.
• 96. Pickerill, R. K. & Peel, J. S., 1990. Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Bastion Formation of North-East Greenland. Grenlands Geologiske Undersogelse, Rapport, 147: 5-43.
• 97. Quatrefages, M. A. de, 1849. Note sur la Scoliciaprisca (A. de Q.) annélide fossile de la Craie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3 Série, Zoologie, 12: 265-266.
• 98. Rangin, C., Bader, A. G., Pascal, G., Ecevitoğlu, B. & Görür, N., 2002. Deep structure of the Mid-Black Sea High (offshore Turkey) imaged by multi-channel seismic survey (BLACK- SIS cruise). Marine Geology, 182: 265-278.
• 99. Richter, R., 1850. An der Thüringischen Grauwacke. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 2: 198-206.
• 100. Rieth, A., 1932. Neue Funde spongeliomorpher Fucoiden aus dem Jura Schwabens. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge, 19: 257-294.
• 101. Rindsberg, A. K., 1994. Ichnology of the Upper Mississippian Hartselle Sandstone of Alabama, with notes on other Carboniferous formations. Geological Survey of Alabama, Bulletin, 158: 1-107.
• 102. Rindsberg, A. K. & Martin, A. J., 2003. Arthrophycus in the Silurian of Alabama (USA) and the problem of compound trace fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 187-219.
• 103. Robinson, A. G., Banks, C. J., Rutherford, M. M. & Hirst, J. P. P., 1995. Stratigraphic and structural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 152:861-872.
• 104. Robinson, A., Rudat, J. H., Banks, C. J. & Wiles, R: L. F., 1996. Petroleum geology of the Black Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 13: 195-223.
• 105. Sacco, F., 1886. Impronte organiche dei terreni terziari del Piemonte. Atti della Reale Accademie delle Scienze di Torino, 21:297-348.
• 106. Sacco, F., 1888. Note di Paleoicnologia Italiana. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 31: 151-192.
• 107. Sanver, M. & Ponat, E., 1981. Kirşehir ve dolaylarina iliskin paleomagnetik bulgular: Kirşehir Masifinin rotasyonu (In Turkish). Istanbul Yerbilimleri, 2: 2-8.
• 108. Saporta, G., de, 1884. Les Organismes Problématiques des Anciennes Mers. Masson, Paris, 102 pp.
• 109. Savi, P. & Meneghini, G. G., 1850. Osservazioni stratigrafische e paleontologische concernati la geologia della Toscana e dei paesi limitrofi. Appendix. In: Murchison, R. I., Memoria sulla struttura geologica delle Alpi, degli Apennini e dei Carpazi. Stemparia Granucale, Firenze, pp. 246-528.
• 110. Schafhäutl, K. E., 1851. Geognostische Untersuchungen des südbayerischen Alpengebirges. Literarisch-artistische Anstalt, München, 208 pp.
• 111. Schlirf, M., 2000. Upper Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais (northern France). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 34: 145-213.
• 112. Seilacher, A., 1974. Flysch trace fossils: evolution of behavioural diversity in the deep-sea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1974: 233-245.
• 113. Seilacher, A., 1977. Pattern analysis of Paleodictyon and related trace fossils. In: Crimes, T. P. & Harper, J. C. (eds), Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal, Special Issue, 9: 289-334.
• 114. Seilacher, A., 1978. Evolution of trace fossil communities in the deep sea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 157, 251-255.
• 115. Seilacher, A., 1990. Aberration in bivalve evolution related to photo- and chemosymbiosis. Historical Biology, 3: 289-311.
• 116. Seilacher, A. & Seilacher, E., 1994. Bivalvian trace fossils: a lesson from actuopaleontology. Courier Forschung Institut Senckenberg, 169: 5-15.
• 117. Şengör, A. M. C., 1984. The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia. The Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 195: 1-82.
• 118. Şengör, A. M. C., 1987. Tectonics of the Tethysides: orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15: 213-244.
• 119. Stanley, D. C. A. & Pickerill, R. K., 1993. Fustiglyphus annulatus from the Ordovician of Ontario, Canada, with a systemathic review of the ichnogenera Fustiglyphus Vialov 1971 and Rhabdoglyphus Vassoievich 1951. Ichnos, 3: 57-67.
• 120. Stefani, C. De, 1895. Apercu géologique et description paléontologique de l’lle de Karpathos. In: Stefani, C. De, Forsyth Major, C. J. &. Barbey, W. (eds), Karpathos. Etude Géologique, Paléontologique et Botanique. Bridel, Lousanne, pp. 1-28.
• 121. Sternberg, G. K., 1833. Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorvwelt. IV Heft. C. E. Brenek, Regensburg, 48 pp.
• 122. Sunal, G. & Tüysüz, O., 2002. Palaeostress analysis of Tertiary post-collisional structures in the Western Pontides, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine, 139: 343-359.
• 123. Tanaka, K., 1970. Sedimentation of the Cretaceous flysch sequence in the Ikushumbetsu area, Hokkaido, Japan. Geological Survey of Japan, Report, 236: 1-102.
• 124. Tchoumatchenco, P. & Uchman, A., 1999. Lower and Middle Jurassic flysch trace fossils from the eastern Stara Planina Mountains, Bulgaria: A contribution to the evolution of Mesozoic ichnodiversity. Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 213: 169-199.
• 125. Tchoumatchenco, P. & Uchman, A., 2001. The oldest deep-sea Ophiomorpha and Scolicia and associated trace fossils from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deep-water turbidite deposits of SW Bulgaria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 169: 85-99.
• 126. Torell, O. M., 1870. Petrifacta Suecana Formationis Cambricae. Lunds Universitet Årsskrift, 6: 1-14.
• 127. Tunis, G. & Uchman, A. 1992. Trace fossils in the “Flysch del Grivó” (Lower Tertiary) in the Julian Prealps, NE Italy: Preliminary observations. Gortania, 14: 71-104.
• 128. Tunis, G. & Uchman, A., 1996. Ichnology of the Eocene flysch deposits in the Istria peninsula, Croatia and Slovenia. Ichnos, 5: 1-22.
• 129. Tüysüz, O., 1990. Tectonic evolution of a part of the Tethyside orogenic collage: the Kargi Massif, northern Turkey. Tectonics, 9: 141-160.
• 130. Tüysüz, O., 1993. A geo-traverse from the Black Sea to the central Anatolia: tectonic evolution of northern Neo-Tethys. (In Turkish, English abstract). Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 5: 1-33.
• 131. Tüysüz, O., 1999. Geology of the Cretaceous sedimentary basins of the Western Pontides. Geological Journal, 34: 75-93.
• 132. Tüysüz, O., Dellaloğlu, A. A. & Terzioğlu, N., 1995. A magmatic belt within the Neo-Tethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolution of northern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 243: 173-191.
• 133. Uchman, A., 1995. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: The Mamoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria, 15: 1-115.
• 134. Uchman, A., 1998. Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: A revision of the Marian Książkiewicz collection and studies of complementary material. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 68: 105-218.
• 135. Uchman, A., 1999. Ichnology of the Rhenodanubian Flysch (Lower Cretaceous-Eocene) in Austria and Germany. Beringeria, 25: 65-171.
• 136. Uchman, A., 2001. Eocene flysch trace fossils from the Hecho Group of the Pyrenees, northern Spain. Beringeria, 28: 3^41.
• 137. Uchman, A., 2003. Trends in diversity, frequency and complexity of graphoglyptid trace fossils: evolutionary and palaeoenvironmental aspects. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 123-142.
• 138. Uchman, A., 2004. Phanerozoic history of deep-sea trace fossils. In: Mcllroy, D. (ed.), Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. The Geological Society of London Special Publication, 228: 125-139.
• 139. Uchman, A. & Demírcan, H., 1999. A Zoophycos group trace fossil from Miocene flysch in southern Turkey: Evidence for a U-shaped causative burrow. Ichnos, 6: 251-259.
• 140. Ustaömer, T. & Robertson, A. H. F., 1997. Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the North Tethyan margin in the Central Pontides of Northern Turkey. In: Robinson, A. G. (ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions. American Assocociation of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 68: 255-290.
• 141. Vassoevich, N. B., 1932. Some data allowing us to distinguish the overturned position of flysch sedimentary formations from normal ones. (In Russian, English summary). Trudy Akademi Nauk SSSR, Geolgicheskiy Institut, 2: 47-64.
• 142. Vialov, O. S., 1971. The rare Mesozoic problematica from Pamir and Caucasus. (In Russian, English summary). Paleontologicheskiy Sbornik, 7: 85-93
• 143. Vialov, O. S. & Golev, B. T., 1960. K sistematike Paleodictyon. (In Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 134: 175-178.
• 144. Vialov, O. S. & Golev, B. T., 1965. O drobnom podrazdieleni gruppy Paleodictyonidae. (In Russian). Byulletin Moskovskovo Obshchestva Ispityvania Prírody, Otdiel Gieologii, 40: 93-114.
• 145. Wetzel, A. & Bromley, R. G., 1994. Phycosiphon incertum revisited: Anconichnus horizontalis is its junior subjective synonym. Journal of Paleontology, 68: 1369-1402.
• 146. Wetzel, A. & Uchman, A., 1997. Ichnology of deep-sea fan overbank deposits of the Ganei Slates (Eocene, Switzerland) - a classical flysch trace fossil locality studied first by Oswald Heer. Ichnos, 5: 139-162.
• 147. Wetzel, A. & Uchman, A., 2001. Sequential colonization of muddy turbidites: examples from Eocene Beloveža Formation, Carpathians, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168: 171-186.
• 148. Wetzel, A. & Werner, F., 1981. Morphology and ecological significance of Zoophycos in deep-sea sediments off NW Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 32: 185-212.
• 149. Yilmaz, Y., 1993. New evidence and model on the evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogen. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 105: 251-271.
• 150. Yilmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yiğitbat, E., Genę, T. C. & Tengör, A. M. C., 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In: Robinson, A.G. (ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 68: 183-226.
• 151. Yilmaz, Y., Yiğitbat, E. & Genç, Ş. C., 1993. Ophiolitic and metamorphic assemblages of southeast Anatolia and their significance in the geological evolution of the orogenic belt. Tectonics, 12: 1280-1297.
• 152. Ziegler, P. A., 1990. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe. 2nd Edition, Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, 239 pp.