Conditions of accumulation and sedimentary architecture of the upper Westphalian Cracow Sandstone Series (Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland)

• Autorzy: Doktor M.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Warunki akumulacji i architektura krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej górnośląskiego zagłębia węglowego

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Cracow Sandstone Series (upper Westphalian) forms the uppermost segment of the coal-bearing succession that makes up the bulk of the Variscan foredeep-basin fill in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. The series, up to 1640 m in stratigraphic thickness, consists entirely of non-marine deposits. Fiveteen lithofacies have been distinguished in the sediments of this series. The Cracow Sandstone Series is subdivided here in two lithofacies associations. The sandstone association consists mainly of medium- to coarse-grained sandstones that form packages up to several tens of metres thick (max. 140 m), with surfaces of erosion at base. These bodies are separated by less voluminous packages of the mudstone association that consists mainly of mudstones and coal seams, which locally make up the predominant part in the sequences of this association. The sediments of the sandstone association are believed to have originated within wide channel tracts of distal sandy braided rivers. The sediments of the mudstone association with the interbedded coal seams are interpreted as floodplain deposits. The predominant type of peat bogs, represented now in the coals of the Cracow Sandstone Series, were wet forest swamps. The peat bogs were probably slightly domed and their margins received clastic material from adjacent channels. This resulted in the frequent lateral splitting of the coal seams. The large-scale splitting of seams is associated with lateral transition of fine-grained floodplain deposits into coarse-grained channel deposits. The vertical alternation of the channel and floodplain deposits is the result of natural processes on an alluvial plain that resulted in shifting positions of depositional environments, first of all avulsion of the whole fluvial tracts. The coal seams in the Cracow Sandstone Series do not form extensive sheets of persistent thickness, and their geometry depends on the course and evolution of the network of fluvial tracts in the alluvial system. The internal geometry of the Cracow Sandstone Series was controlled to a large extent by differential compaction of sediments, notably by rapid compaction of peat.

PL

Krakowska seria piaskowcowa stanowi najwyższą część sukcesji węglonooenej Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego wypełniającej waryscyjskie, fleksuralne zapadlisko przedgórskie. Seria osiąga 1640 m miąższości stratygraficznej i zbudowana jest wyłącznie z osadów lądowych. W osadach tej serii wyróżniono 15 litofacji oraz dwie, wyraźnie różniące się asocjacje facjalne, określone jako piaskowcowa i mułowcowa. Osady pierwszej z tych asocjacji, złożonej w przewadze z piaskowców średnioziarnistych, dominują w całej serii i z reguły tworzą grube ciała (litosomy),dochodzące nawet do 140 m miąższooeci. Litosomy te rozdzielone są cieńszymi pakietami osadów asocjacji mułowcowej, w których obok osadów klastycznych, z reguły drobnozianistych, pospolicie występują pokłady węgla, nieraz znacznej miąższości. Cała krakowska seria piaskowcowa interpretowana jest jako osady rozległej równiny aluwialnej związanej z systemem piaszczystych, dystalnych rzek roztokowych. W obrębie traktów koryt rzek roztokowych powstawały tam ciała piaszczyste, które zazwyczaj wykazują cechy wielopiętrowych nagromadzeń osadów korytowych. Obszary pozakorytowe były miejscem depozycji materiału drobnoziarnistego i miejscem rozwoju węglotwórczych torfowisk; w pobliżu traktów koryt rozwijały się tam też glify krewasowe. Dominującym typem torfowisk w omawianej serii były wilgotne torfowiska leśne. Pokłady węgla nie mają charakteru ciągłych pokryw o stałej miąższości, a ich geometria i lateralne rozprzestrzenienie zależało od przebiegu i rozwoju sieci traktów systemu rzecznego. Obserwowane zjawiska wielkoskalowego rozszczepiania pokładów węgla i widoczne w tych miejscach lateralne przejścia do osadów korytowych dowodzą współistnienia traktów rzecznych i węglotwórczych torfowisk rozwiniętych na obszarach pozakorytowych Litosomy piaskowcowe mają geometrię pokryw, ale o ograniczonym zasięgu lateralnym. Za stosunkowo dużą stabilnością macierzystych traktów koryt przemawia znaczna miąższość tych litosomów, podobnie jak pospolita, znaczna miąższość pokładów węgla. Naprzemianległe występowanie w profilach pionowych ciał piaskowcowych i ciał reprezentujących osady asocjacji mułowcowej jest wynikiem naturalnych procesów zachodzących na równinie aluwialnej, które powodowały przemieszczanie się środośrodowisk depozycyjnych, głównie procesów awulsji całych traktówkoryt rzecznych. Architektura sedymentacyjna krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej odzwierciedla przede wszystkim efekty wspomnianych procesów, a w dużym stopniu związana jest też ze zróżnicowaną kompakcją osadów gruboziarnistych, drobnoziarnistych i torfów.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

braided fluvial system; fluvial architecture; coal-bearing deposits; Carboniferous; Upper Silesia; Poland

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne
• Czasopismo: Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: Vol. 77, No 3
• Strony: 219--268
• Opis fizyczny: bibliogr. 131, rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Doktor M.

• AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland,

Bibliografia

• Alexander, J. & Leeder, M. R., 1987. Active tectonic control on alluvial architecture. In: Ethridge, F. G., Flores, R. M. & Harvey, M. D. (eds), Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 39: 193-209.
• Allen, J. R. L., 1978. Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: an exploratory quantitative model for the architecture of avulsion-controlled alluvial sites. Sedimentary Geology, 21: 129-147.
• Best, J. L., 1988. Sediment transport and bed morphology at river channel confluences. Sedimentology, 35: 481-498.
• Bridge, J. S. & Leeder, M. R., 1979. A simulation model of alluvial stratigraphy. Sedimentology, 26: 617-644.
• Bridge, J. S., Smith, N. D., Trent, F., Gabel, S. L. & Bernstein, P., 1986. Sedimentology and morphology of a low sinuosity river: Calamus River, Nebraska Sand Hills. Sedimentology, 33:851-870.
• Bristow, C. S., 1987. Brahmaputra River: Channel migration and deposition. In: Ethridge, F. G., Flores, R. M. & Harvey, M. D. (eds), Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 39: 63-74.
• Bristow, C. S. & Best, J. L., 1993. Braided rivers: perspectives and problems. In: Best, J. L. & Bristow C. S. (eds), Braided Rivers. Geological Society Special Publication, 75: 1-11.
• Browne, G. H. & Plint, A. G., 1994. Alternating braidplain and lacustrine deposition in a strike-slip setting: The Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation of the Cumberland Basin, Maritime Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, B64: 40-59.
• Bryant, M., Falk, P. & Paola, C., 1995. Experimental study of avulsion frequency and rate of deposition. Geology, 23: 365-368.
• Cadle, A. B. & Cairncross, B., 1993. A sandy, bedload dominated fluvial system deposited by lateralaccretion: Permian Karoo Sequence, South Africa. Sedimentary Geology, 85: 435-455.
• Cant, D. J., 1978. Development of a facies model for sandy braided river sedimentation: comparison of the South Saskatchewan River and the Battery Point Formation. In: Miall, A. D. (ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoire, 5: 627-640.
• Cavaroc, V. V. & Flores, R. M., 1984. Lithologic relationships of the Upper Cretaceous Gibson-Cleary stratigraphic interval: Gallup Coal Field, New Mexico, U.S.A. In: Rahmani, R. A. and Flores, R. M. (eds), Sedimentology of Coal and Coalbearing Sequences. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 7: 197-215.
• Coleman, J. M., 1969. Brahmaputra River: Channel processes and sedimentation. Sedimentary Geology, 3: 129-239.
• Courel., L., 1987. Stages in the compaction of peat; examples from the Stephanian and Permian of the Massif Central, France. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 144: 489-493.
• Covan, E. J., 1991. The largescale architecture of the fluvial Westwater Canyon Member, Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In: Miall, A. D. & Tyler, N. (eds), The three-dimensional facies architecture of terrigenous clastic sediments and its implications for hydrocarbon discovery and recovery. SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, 3: 88-93.
• Czarnocki, S., 1947. Geologia węgla. (In Polish). Katowice, Centralny Zarząd Przemysłu Węglowego, Biuro Wydawnictw Technicznych, 87 pp.264
• Czekaj, A., Dembowski, Z., Moszczyńska, U., Kuchciński, J. & Siewniak, A., 1964. Upper Silesian Region: Maps of thickness and of the content of coarse-clastic and of phytogenic material. (In Polish, English summary). Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa, 14 pls.
• Davies-Vollum, K. S. & Kraus, M. J., 2001. A relationship between alluvial backswamps and avulsion cycles: an example from the Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Sedimentary Geology, 140: 235-245.
• Dembowski, Z., 1967. The palaeogeographic and petrogtraphic development of the Libiąż Beds in the Upper Silesin Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 204: 5-95.
• Dembowski, Z., 1972a. General information on the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 61: 9-22.
• Dembowski, Z., 1972b. The Cracow Sandstone Series of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 61: 509-537.
• Dembowski, Z. & Unrug, R., 1970. A statistical study of cyclic sedimentation in the Łaziska beds (Upper Silesia Coal Basin). (In Polish, English summary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 40: 63-110.
• Dembowski, Z., Kotas, A. & Malczyk, W., 1964. Identyfikacja pokładów węgla w Górnośląskim Zagłębiu Węglowym. Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, pp. 72.
• Diessel, C. F. K., 1986. On the correlation between coal facies and depositional environments. In: Symposium Proceedings. Advance in the Study of the Sydney Basin. Department of Geology, University of Newcastle, pp. 19-22.
• Di Michelle, W. A. & Philips, T. L., 1994. Paleobotanical and paleoecological constraints on models of peat formation in the Late Carboniferous of Euramerica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 106: 39-90.
• Doktor, M. & Gmur, D., 1999. Budowa i rozwój torfowisk w karbonie górnym w czasie sedymentacji krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej. Sprawozdanie z relacji projektu badawczego nr. 6P04D 033 12. (In Polish). Unpublished. Archiwum Instytutu Nauk Geologicznych PAN, Warszawa, 95 pp.
• Doktor, M. & Gmur, D., 2000. Structure and development of Late Carboniferous peat bogs - example from the Kraków Sandstone Series, Upper Silesia Coal Basin. In: Abstracts 4th European Coal Conference. Polish Geological Institute, Upper Silesia Branch, Sosnowiec, p. 20.
• Doktor, M. & Gradziński, R., 1985. Alluvial depositional environment of coalbearing "mudstone series" (Upper Carboniferous, Upper Silesian Coal Basin). (In Polish, English summary). Studia Geologica Polonica, 82: 5-67.
• Doktor, M., Gradziński, R., & Słomka, T., 1994. Komputerowy program "Facje" i jego zastosowanie do sedymentologicznych badań sukcesji węglonośnej Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. (In Polish). In: Martinec, P. (ed.), 2. Ćesko-Polské Konference o Sedimentologii Karbonu Hornoslezské Panve. Konference Ustav Geoniky Ostrava - Sbornik, 4: 43-46.
• Doktor, M., Grzelak, R. & Jarosz, K., 1994. Geometria pokładów węgla krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej na przykładach pokładów z kopalni "Czeczott". (In Polish). In: Lipiarski, I. (ed.), Geologia Formacji Węglonośnych Polski, Materiały XVII Sympozjum. Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków, pp. 31-34.
• Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki, S. & Bocheński, T., 1945. Zasady nowej nomenklatury pokładów węgla w Polskim Zagłębiu Węglowym. (In Polish). Przegląd Górniczy, 32: 256-267.
• Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki, S. & Bocheński, T., 1952. Podstawy i wyniki paralelizacji pokładów węgla w Zagłębiu Górnośląskim. (In Polish). Geologiczny Biuletyn Informacyjny, 1: 13- 18.
• Dunlop, R. L. & Bustin, R. M., 1987. Depositional environments of the coal-bearing Mmist Mountain Formation, Eagle Mountain, Southeastern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 35: 389-415.
• Elliott, R. E., 1985. Quantification of peat to coal compaction stages, based especially on phenomena in the East Pennine Coalfield, England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 45: 163-172.
• Emery, O. & Myers, K. J., 1996. Sequence startigraphy. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 297 pp.
• Ethridge, F. G., Skelly, R. L. & Bristow, C. S., 1999. Avulsion crevassing in the sandy, braided Niobara River; complex response to baselevel rise and aggradation. In: Smith, N. D. & Rogers, J. (eds), Fluvial Sedimentology VI. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 28: 179- 191.
• Fallini, F., 1965. On the formation of coal deposits of lacustrine origin. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 76: 1317- 1346.
• Farrell, K. M., 1987. Sedimentology and facies architecture of overbank deposits of the Mississippi River, False River region, Louisiana. In: Ethridge, F. G., Flores, R. M. & Harvey, J. D. (eds), Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 39: 111-120.
• Ferm, J. C. & Melton, R. A., 1977. A guide to cored rocks in the Pocahontas Basin. Department of Geology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 90 pp.
• Flores, R. M., 1981. Coal deposition in fluvial palaeoenvironments of the Palaeocene Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation, Powder River area, Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana. In: Ethridge, F. G. & Flores, R. M. (eds), Modern and Ancient Non marine Depositional Environments. Special Publication of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 31: 169-190.
• Flores, R. M. & Hanley, J. H., 1984. Anastomosed and associated coal-bearing fluvial deposits: Upper Tongue Member Paleocene Fort Union Formation, northern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A. In: Rahmani, R. A. & Flores, R. M. (eds), Sedimentology of Coal and Coalbearing Sequences. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 7: 85-103.
• Friend, P. F., Slater, M. J. & Williams, R. G., 1979. Vertical and lateral building of river sandstone bodies, Ebro Basin, Spain. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 136: 39-46.
• Gabzdyl, W., 1990. Petrographical characteristic of tonsteins in Upper Silesia Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej, 1066: 7-24.
• Galloway, W. E. & Hobday, D. K., 1996. Terrigenous Clastic Depositional Systems: Applications to Fossil Fuel and Groundwater Resources. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 489 pp.
• Gersib, G. S. & McCabe, P. J., 1981. Continental coal-bearing sediments of the Port Hood Formation (Carboniferous), Cape Linzee, Nova Scotia, Canada. In: Ethridge, F. G. & Flores, R. M. (eds), Modern and Ancient Non marine Depositional Environments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 31: 95-108.
• Gmur, D. & Kwiecińska, B., 2002. Facies analysis of coal seams from the Cracow Sandstone Series ofthe Upper Silesia Basin. International Journal of Coal Geology, 52: 29-44.
• Gmur, D. & Oliwkiewicz-Miklasińska, M., 2000. Peat forming environments of the 207 coal seam from Łaziska Beds of the Kraków Cracow Sandstone Series (Upper Silesia Coal Basin) based on petrographical and palynological data. In: Abstracts 4th European Coal Conference. Polish Geological Institute, Upper Silesia Branch, Sosnowiec, p. 23.
• Gmur, D., Doktor, M. & Jurczak-Drabek, A., 1999. Budowa i rozwój torfowisk krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej na przykładzie pokładu 215. (In Polish). In: Kožušniková, A. (ed.), The 4th Czech-Polish Conference about Carboniferous Sedimentology. Documenta Geonica, Ostrava, 49-54 pp.
• Gradziński, R., 1980. Problem kierunków transportu materiału klastycznego w utworach górnośląskiej serii węglonośnej. (In Polish). In: Lipiarski, I. (ed.), Geologia Formacji Węglonośnych Polski, Materiały III Sympozjum. Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków, pp. 28-29.
• Gradziński, R., 1982. Explanatory notes to the lithotectonic molasse profile of the Upper Silesian Basin (Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian): Comment to Anex 20. Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde, 66: 225-235.
• Gradziński, R., 1994. On coal seam numbering in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 42: 347-348.
• Gradziński, R., 1999. Problemy związane z wprowadzeniem formalnego podziału litostratygraficznego węglonośnej sukcesji Zagłębia Górnośląskiego. (In Polish). In: Lipiarski, I. (ed.) Geologia Formacji Węglonośnych Polski, Materiały XXII Sympozjum. Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków, pp. 47-50.
• Gradziński, R., Doktor, M. & Kędzior. 2005. Sedimentation of the coal-bearing succession in the Upper Siesia Coal Basin: research trends and the current state of knowledge. (In Polish, English Summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 53: 734-741.
• Gradziński, R., Doktor, M. & Słomka, T., 1995. Depositional environments of the coal-bearing Cracow Sandstone Series (upper Westphalian), Upper Silesia, Poland. Studia Geologica Polonica, 108: 149-170.
• Gradziński, R., Radomski, A. & Unrug, R., 1959. Preliminary results of sedimentological investigations in the Silesia Coal Basin. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, série des sciences chimiques, géologiques et géographiques, 7: 431-440.
• Gradziński, R., Radomski, A. & Unrug, R., 1961. Directions of transport of the clastic material in the Upper Carboniferous of the Silesian Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 5: 15-38.
• Guccione, M. J., 1993. Grainsize distribution of overbank sediment and its use to locate channel positions. In: Marzo, M. & Puigdefabregas, A. (eds), Alluvial Sedimentation. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 17: 185-194.
• Guion, P. D., 1984. Crevasse splay deposits and roof-rock quality in the Threequarters Seam (Carboniferous) in the East Mid-lands Coalfield, U.K. In: Rahmani, R. A. & Flores, R. M. (eds), Sedimentology of Coal and Coal-Bearing Sequences. International Association of Sedimentologists. Special Publication, 7: 291-308.
• Hacquebard, P. A. & Donaldson, J. R., 1969. Carboniferous coal deposition associated with floodplain and limnic environments in Nova Scotia. In: Dapples, E. C. & Hopkins, M. E. (eds), Environments of Coal Deposition. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 143-191.
• Hamblin, A. P., 1962. X-ray radiography in the study of structures in homogeneous sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 32: 201-210.
• Hamblin, W. K., 1965. Internal structures of "homogeneous" sandstones. Bulletin State Geological Survey Kansas, 175: 1-37.
• Harms, J. C. & Fahnestock, R. K., 1965. Stratification bed forms, and flow phenomena (with example from the Rio Grande). In: Middleton, G. V. (ed.), Primary sedimentary structures and their hydrodynamic interpretation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 12: 84-115.
• Harms, J. C., Southrad, J. B., Spearing, D. R. & Walker, R. G., 1975. Depositional environments as interpreted from primary sedimentary structures and stratification sequences. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course, 2: 1-161.
• Horne, J. C., Ferm, J. C., Caruccio, F. T. & Baganz, B. P., 1978. Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in Appalachian region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 62: 2379-2411.
• Horne, J. C., Howell, D. J., Baganz, B. P. & Ferm, J. C., 1978. Splay deposits as an economic factor in coal mining. In: Hodgson, H. E. (ed.), Proceedings of the 2 symposium on the geology of Rocky Mountain coal - 1977. Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series, 4: 89-100.
• Huddle, J. W. & Patterson, S. H., 1961. Origin of Pennsylvanian underclay and related seat rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72: 1643-1660.
• Jones, B. G. & Rust, B. R., 1983. Massive sandstone facies in the Hawesbury Sandstone, a Triassic fluvial deposits near Sydney, Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 53: 1249-1259.
• Jones, L. S. & Schumm, S. A., 1999. Causes of avulsion: an overview. In: Smith, N. D. & Rogers, J. (eds), Fluvial Sedimentology VI. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 28: 171-178.
• Jorgensen, P. J. & Fielding, C. R., 1996. Facies architecture of alluvial floodbasin deposits: three-dimensional data from the Upper Triassic Callide Coal Measures of east-central Queen-sland, Australia. Sedimentology, 43: 479-495.
• Kędzior, A., Gradziński, R., Doktor, M. & Gmur, D., 2007. Sedimentary history of a Mississippian to Pennsylvanian coal-bearing succession - an example from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland. Geological Magazine, 144: 487-496.
• Kirschbaum, M. A. & MacCabe, P. J., 1992. Controls on the accumulation of coal and the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dacota Formation of southern Utah. Sedimentology, 39: 581-598.
• Kotas, A., 1977. Lithostratigraphic characteristics of the Carboniferous in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. In: Holub, V. M. & Wagner, R. H. (eds), Symposium on Carboniferous Stratigraphy. Geological Survey, Prague, pp. 42 1-427.
• Kotas, A., 1985. Structural evolution of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). In: Compte Rendu 10th International Congress of Carboniferous stratigraphy and Geology (Madrid), 3: 459-469.
• Kotas, A., 1994a. Geological backgroud. Prace Państwego Instytutu Geologicznego, 142: 6-18.
• Kotas, A., 1994b. Coal deposits and coal resurces. Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 142: 18-25.
• Kotas, A., Buła, Z., Gądek, S., Kwarciński, J. & Malicki, R., 1983. Atlas geologiczny Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego.
• Część II. Mapy jakości węgla 1: 100 000. (In Polish). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• Kotasowa, A., 1979. Phytostratigraphy of the uppermost part of coal measures section in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 23: 525-532.
• Kuhl, J. & Kruszewska, K., 1965. Les schistes réfractaires cristallins des couches de Łaziska dans le bassin houllier de Silésie-Cracovie comme horizons caractéristiques pour la parallélisation des gisements de houille. (In Polish, French summary). Acta Geologica Polonica, 15: 1-39.
• Lipiarski, I. & Muszyński, M., 2006. Tonsteiny w pokładach węgla krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej między Byczyną a Libiążem w GZW. (In Polish). In: Lipiarski, I. (ed.), Geologia Formacji Węglonośnych Polski, Materiały XXIX Sympozjum. Wydawnictwa AGH Kraków, pp. 63-68.
• Mackey, S. D. & Bridge, J. S., 1995. Three-dimensional model of alluvial stratigraphy: theory and application. Journal of Sedimentary Research, B 65: 7-31.
• Makaske, B., 2001. Anastomosing rivers: a review of their classification, origin and sedimentary products. Earth-Science Reviews, 53: 149-196.
• Mc Laurin, B. T. & Steel, R. J., 2007. Architecture and origin of an amalgamated fluvial sheet sand, lower Castlegate Formation, Book Cliffs, Utah. Sedimentary Geology, 197: 291-311.
• Miall, A. D., 1977. A review of the braided river depositional environment. Earth-Science Reviews, 13: 1-62
• Miall, A. D., 1978. Lithofacies typers and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. In: Miall, A. D. (ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoire, 5: 605-625.
• Miall, A. D., 1983. Basin analysis of fluvial sediments. In: Collin-son, J. D. & Lewin, J. L. (eds), Modern and ancient fluvial sediments. International Association of Sedimentologist, Special Publication, 6: 271-286.
• Miall, A. D., 1985. Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth-Science Reviews, 22: 261-308.
• Miall, A. D., 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 582 pp.
• Middleton, G. V. & Southard, J. B., 1978. Mechanics of sediment movement. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course, 3: 1-242.
• Mjøs, R., Walderhaug, O. & Prestholm, M., 1993. Crevasse splay sandstone geometries in the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group of Yorkshire, UK. In: Marzo, M. & Puigdefabregas, A. (eds), Alluvial Sedimentation. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 17: 167-184.
• Moore, P. D., 1987. Ecological and hydrological aspects of peat formation. In: Scott, A. C. (ed.), Coal and Coal-Bearing Strata: Recent Advances. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 32: 7-15.
• Morozova, G. S. & Smith, N. D., 2003. Organic matter deposition in the Saskatchewan River floodplain (Cumberland Marshes, Canada): effects of progradational avulsions. Sedimentary Geology, 157: 15-29.
• Nadon, G. C., 1994. The genesis and recognition of anastomosed fluvial deposits: data from the St. Mary River Formation, Southwestern Alberta, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, B 64: 451-463.
• Nichols, G. J. & Fisher, J. A., 2007. Processes, facies and architecture of fluvial distributary system deposits. Sedimentary Geology, 195: 75-90.
• Obernyer, S., 1978. Basin-margin depositional environments of the Wasatch Formation in the Buffalo-Lake de Smet area, Johnson County, Wyoming. In: Hodgson, H. E. (ed.), Proceedings of the second symposium on the geology of Rocky Mountain coal- 1977. Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series, 4: 49-65.
• Paszkowski, M., Jachowicz, M., Michalik, M., Teller, L., Uch-man, A. & Urbanek, Z., 1995. Composition, age and provenance of gravel - sized clasts from the Upper Carboniferous of the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. Studia Geologica Polonica, 108: 45-127.
• Podio, R. & Wieja, C. 1960. Geological conditions connected with the occurrence of refractory clays in horizon "209" of coal-mine "Ziemowit" at Lędziny (Upper Silesian Coal Basin). (In Polish, English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 4: 658-661.
• Pokroński, Z., 1994. Próba wydzielenia odmian litofacjalnych niskouwęglonego węgla kamiennego (pokład 301 KWK "Jan Kanty"). (In Polish). Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Komisji Nauk Polskiej Akademii Nauk Oddział w Krakowie, 37: 197-200.
• Radomski, A. & Gradziński, R., 1979. Sekwencje warstwowań w krakowskiej serii piaskowcowej Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. (In Polish). Geologia, 5: 25-30.
• Radomski, A. & Gradziński, R., 1981. Facies sequences in the Upper Carboniferous alluvial coal-bearing deposits, Upper Silesia, Poland. Studia Geologica Polonica, 68: 29-41.
• Richards, K., Chandra, S. & Friend, P., 1993. Avulsive channel systems: characteristics and examples. In: Best, J. L. & Bristow, C. S. (eds), Braided Rivers. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 75: 195-203.
• Røe, S. L. & Hermansen, M., 1993. Processes and products of large, Late Precambrian sandy rivers in norther Norway. In: Marzo, M. & Puigdefabregas, A. (eds), Alluvial Sedimentation. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 17: 151-166.
• Reinfelds, I. & Nanson, G., 1993. Formation of braided river floodplains, Namakiri River, New Zeland. Sedimentology, 40: 1113-1127.
• Robinson, J. W. & McCabe, P. J., 1997. Sandstone-Body and Shale-Body Dimensions in a Braided Fluvial System: Salt Wash Sandstone Member (Morrison Formation), Garfield County, Utah. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 81: 1267-1291.
• Rust, B. R., 1978. Depositional models for braided alluvium. In: Miall, A. D. (ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoire, 5: 605-625.
• Rust, B. R. & Gibling, M. R., 1990. Braidplain Evolution in the Pennsylvanian South Bar Formation, Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60: 59-72.
• Rust, B. R., Gibling, M. R., Best, M. A., Dilles, S. J. & Masson, A. G., 1987. A sedimentological overview of the coal-bearing Morien Group (Pennsylvanian), Sydney Basin. Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 1869-1885.
• Rust, B. R. & Jones, B. G., 1987. The Hawkesbury Sandstone South of Sydney, Australia: Triassic analogue for the deposit of a large, braided river. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57: 222-233.
• Rutkowski, J., 1972. The Stephanian sediments of the Upper Silesian coal basin. (In Polish, English summary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 61: 539-556.
• Ryer, T. A. & Langer, A. W., 1980. Thickness change involved the peat-to-coal transformation for a bituminous coal of cretaceous age in Central Utah. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 50: 987-992.
• Shanley, K. W. & McCabe, P. J., 1994. Perspectives on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 78: 544-568.
• Skelly, R. L., Bristow, Ch. S. & Ethridge, F. G., 2003. Architecture of channelbelt deposits in an aggrading shallow sandbed braided river: the lower Niobrara River, northeast Nebraska. Sedimentary Geology, 158: 249-270.
• Smith, N. D., 1970. The Braided Stream Depositional Environment: Comparison of the Platte River with Some Silurian Clastic Rocks, North-Central Appalachians. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 81: 2993-3014.
• Smith, N. D., Cross, T. A., Dufficy, J. P. & Clough, S. R., 1989. Anatomy of an avulsion. Sedimentology, 36: 1-23.
• Smith, S. G. H., Ashworth, P. J., Best, J. L., Woodwards, J. & Sompson, C. J., 2006. The sedimentology and alluvial architecture of the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Sedimentology, 53: 413-434.
• Staub, J. R., 1991. Comparisons of central Appalachian Carboniferous coal beds by benches and a raised Holocene peat deposit. International Journal of Coal Geology, 18: 45-69.
• Staub, J. R., Esterle, J. S. & Raymond, A. L., 1991. Comparative geomorphic analysis of central Appalachian coal beds and Malaysian peat deposits. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 162: 339-351.
• Stopa, S. Z., 1957a. Granica warstw orzeskich i łaziskich w okolicy Jaworzna. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 115: 263-281.
• Stopa, S. Z., 1957b. Podział stratygraficzny karbonu produktywnego w Zagłębiu Górnośląskim. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 115: 195-239.
• Stouthamer, E., 2001. Holocene avulsions in the Rhine-Meuse-delta, The Netherlands. Netherlands Geografical Studies, 283:3-210.
• Stouthamer, E. & Berendsen H. J. A., 2007. Avulsion: The relative roles of autogenic and allogenic processes. Sedimentary Geology, 198: 309-325.
• Świerczewska, A., 1995. Composition and provenance of Carbonierous sandstones from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (Poland). Studia Geologica Polonica, 108: 27-43.
• Teichmüller, M., 1989. The genesis of coal form the viewpoint of coal petrology. In: Lyons, P. C. & Alpern, B. (eds), Peat and Coal: Origin, Facies and Depositional Models, International Journal of Coal Geology, 12: 1-87.
• Thiadens, A. A. & Haites, T. B., 1944. Splits and wash-outs in the Netherlands coal measures. Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichtung Mededel, serie C-II-1 -1: 1-51.
• Tibert, N. E. & Gibling, M. R., 1999. Peat accumulation on a drowned coastal braidplain: the Mullins Coal (Upper Carboniferous), Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia. Sedimentary Geology, 128: 23-38.
• Törnqvist, T. E., 1993. Fluvial sedimentary geology and chronology of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta. Netherlands Geografical Studies, 166: 3-169.
• Unrug, R. & Dembowski, Z., 1971. Diastrophic and sedimentary evolution of the Moravia-Silesia Basin. (In Polish, English summary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 41: 119-168.
• Warwick, P. D. & Stanton, R. W., 1988. Depositional models for two Tertiary coal-bearing sequences in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 145: 613-620.
• Wizevich, M. C., 1993. Depositional controls in a bedload-dominated fluvial system: internal architecture of the Lee Formation, Kentucky. Sedimentary Geology, 85: 537-556.
• Zieliński, T., 1989. Lithofacies and palaeoenvironmental charakteristics ofthe Suwałki outwash (Pleistocene, northeast Po-land). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 59: 249-270.
• Zieliński, T., 1992. Proglacial valley facies of the Silesian Upland - genetic factors and their sedimentological effects. Geologia Sudetica, 26: 83-118.
• Zieliński, T., 1995. Lithofacies and genetic codes: construction and application. (In Polish, English summary). In: Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E. & Rutkowski, J. (eds), Badania osadów czwartorzędowych.Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, pp. 220-235.