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Abstrakty
Ammonia concentrations in aerosols and ammonium concentrations in the air were measured in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main study area was the Hel Peninsula, where measurements were carried out from December 1997 to March 1998. There was a second such area in Gdynia, where the first measurement period extended from May to December 2000, and the second one lasted from February to May 2001. At the same time, chloride, sulphate and sodium concentrations in the aerosols were determined; meteorological parameters were also measured. Aerosol samples were collected with a filter pack, and the gaseous phase species were collected on denuders. At both stations, the ammonium concentration in aerosols was at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the ammonia in the air samples. It was found that the marine boundary layer always contained ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate. The presence of ammonium nitrate was detected only when winds were slight and was attributed to local anthropogenic sources. The ammonia concentration related to nitrate increased with rising air humidity and a falling temperature. The contribution of marigenic ions in aerosols was noted at onshore wind of speeds >3.5 m s-1. In winter as in summer, conditions occurred facilitating light backscattering by a "wet" aerosol, which contained ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in proportions of 2.5:1 and 1:1.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
185--200
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 26 poz., mapa, rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland
autor
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland
autor
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland
Bibliografia
- [1] Burkhardt J., Sutton M. A., Milford C., Storeton-West R. L., Fowler D., 1998, Ammonia concentrations at a site in Southern Scotland from 2 years of continuous measurements, Atmos. Environ., 32 (3), 325-331.
- [2] Day D. E., Malm W. C., 2001, Aerosol light scattering measurements as a function of relative humidity: a comparison between measurements made at three different sites, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5169-5176.
- [3] de Bock L. A., van Malderen H., van Grieken R. E., 1994, Individual aerosol particle composition variations in air masses crossing the North Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1513-1520.
- [4] Dougle P. G., Veefkind J. P., ten Brink H. M., 1998, Crystallisation of mixtures of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and soot, J. Aerosol Sci., 29 (3), 375-386.
- [5] Dougle P. G., Vlasenko A. L., Veefkind J. P., ten Brink H. M., 1996, Humidity dependence of the light scattering by mixtures of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and soot, J. Aerosol Sci., 27 (Suppl. 1), S513-S514.
- [6] Falkowska L., Lewandowska A., 2004, Sulphates in particles of different sizes in the marine boundary layer over the southern Baltic Sea, Oceanologia, 46 (2), 201-215.
- [7] Ferm M., 1998, Atmospheric ammonia and ammonium transport in Europe and critical loads – a review, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 51, 5-17.
- [8] Fitzgerald J. W., 1991, Marine aerosols: a review, Atmos. Environ., 25A(3/4), 533-545.
- [9] Gebhart K. A., Copeland S., Malm W. C., 2001, Diurnal and seasonal patterns in light scattering, extinction, and relative humidity, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5177-5191.
- [10] Girgždys A., Girgždiené R., Juozaitis A., 1995, Long-time measurement results on atmospheric aerosol number concentrations, J. Aerosol Sci., 26 (Suppl. 1), S387-S388.
- [11] Harrison R. M., Msibi I. M., 1994, Validation of techniques for fast-response measurement of HNO3 and NH3 and determination of the [HNO3] and [NH3] concentration product, Atmos. Environ., 28, 247-255.
- [12] Hillamo R. E., Kauppinen E. I., 1991, Size distributions of inorganic ions in an atmospheric aerosol in Norway, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 14, 33-47.
- [13] Horváth L., 1996, Spectral extinction coefficients of a rural aerosol in Southern Italy – a case study of cause and effect of variability of atmospheric aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 27 (3), 437-453.
- [14] Horváth L., Sutton M. A., 1998, Long-term record of ammonia and ammonium concentrations at K-Puszta, Atmos. Environ. (Hungary), 32 (3), 339-344.
- [15] Houghton J. T., Ding Y., Griggs D. J., Noguer M., van der Linden P. J., Dai X., Maskell K., Johnson C. A. (eds.), 2001, Climate change 2001 – the scientific basis, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 881 pp.
- [16] Nadstazik A., Falkowska L., 2001, Selected ionic components of the marine aerosol over the Gulf of Gdańsk, Oceanologia, 43 (1), 23-37.
- [17] Nadstazik A., Marks R., Schulz M., 2000, Nitrogen species and macroelements in aerosols over the southern Baltic Sea, Oceanologia, 42 (4), 411-424.
- [18] Ottley O. J., Harrison R. M., Asman W. A. H. R. M., 1994, Estimation of the net air sea flux of ammonia over the southern bight of the North Sea, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3647-3654.
- [19] Pio C. A., Nunes T. V., Leal R. M., 1992, Kinetic and thermodynamic behaviour of volatile ammonium compounds in industrial and marine atmospheres, Atmos. Environ., 26A (3), 505-512.
- [20] Plate E., Schulz M ., 1997, Coarse nitrate formation in a coastal area of the North Sea, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 5333-5334.
- [21] Quinn P. K., Charlson R. J., Bates T. S., 1988, Simultaneous observations of ammonia in the atmosphere and ocean: lack of equilibrium, Nature, 335, 336-340.
- [22] Stelson A. W., Seinfeld J. H., 1982, Relative humidity and temperature dependence of the ammonium nitrate dissociation constant, Atmos. Environ., 16, 983-992.
- [23] Tang I. N., 1996, Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols on light scattering coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (D14), 19245-19250.
- [24] ten Brink H. M., Khlystov A., Kos G. P. A., Tuch T., Roth Ch., Kreyling W., 2000, A high-flow humidograph for testing the water uptake by ambient aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4291-4300.
- [25] ten Brink H. M., Kruisz C., Kos G. P. A., Berner A., 1997, Composition/size of the light-scattering aerosol in the Netherlands, Atmos. Environ., 23, 3955-3962.
- [26] Yamatoto N., Nishiura H., Honjo T., Ishikawa Y., Suzuki K., 1995, A long-term study of atmospheric ammonia and particulate ammonium concentrations in Yokohama, Atmos. Environ. (Japan), 29, 97-103.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BUS5-0011-0058