Nowoczesne materiały wybuchowe : trzecia generacja

• Autorzy: Zygmunt B.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Modern high explosives - third generation

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures which, under the influence of an external energetic stimulus of sufficient intensity, develop a rapid exothermic reaction generating large quantity of gas at very high pressure and temperature. Explosives are a chemical energy source of high power (quantity of energy released in a time unit) and high density (quantity of energy per unit of volume). From the application point of view, explosives are divided into blasting, propelling and initiating ones. Of these, blasting explosives are the most common and their production worldwide reaches many millions of tons a year. Detonation is the basic form of their explosive transformation. It can be started by a relatively intense energetic stimulus, for example by a disruptive or other detonator. The linear velocity of propagation of explosive's chemical decomposition during detonation (detonation velocity) reaches several thousand meters per second. During detonation of a blasting explosive, the pressure of detonation products reaches the level of several GPa for mining explosives and as much as 50 GPa for the most powerful military explosives. The detonation pressure value is the measure of an explosive's brisance. It is the brisance that is used to destroy (crush) the structure of a medium. Due to the fast development of mining industry, the demand for effective, safe and inexpensive mining explosives was growing. In the mid-fifties of the 20th century new types of blasting explo-sives appeared on the US market without typical explosive material as part of the composition. The materials were a mixture of ammonium nitrate as oxidant (base ingredient) and an organic or inorganic combustible ingredient. Within a short time, ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), a mixture of granulated ammonium nitrate and fuel oil characterized by a good flow handy in use, became the most widely used material. Nowadays, ANFO makes more than half of all explosives used in the mining industry worldwide. Simultaneously, another revolutionary innovation was introduced - substantial quantity of water, previously regarded as an ingredient that ruined the explosive properties of mixtures, was purposefully added to the explosive composition. The resulting slurry and emulsion explosives containing a saturated water solution of ammonium nitrate had a semi-liquid consistency, which made it possible to mechanise their manufacture and to load boreholes with explosives on the mining site. The author has specified new, safe varieties of explosives which do not contain typical explosive compounds, with ammonium nitrate as a predominant ingredient. They are named "third generation explosives", the first generation being black gunpowder used for a millennium as the versatile explosive and the second generation being explosive chemical compounds (mostly nitrocompounds, aromatic nitroamines and the esters of nitric acid(V) and aliphatic polyalcohols). In Poland, a research on new varieties of third generation explosives was started in the early 1970s at IPO (ammonium nitrate type) and at WAT (slurry and emulsion type). Based on the research, several modern versions of explosives were developed and brought into production to be used subsequently in the country's open and underground pits. The paper presents the basic historical developments in the field of mining explosives, from black gunpowder to modern safe materials devoid of explosive constituents. Based on the author's own research, the physical and chemical properties of third generation explosives have been characterized in depth, such as ANFO, slurries and emulsions. Particular attention has been paid to the physical structure of mixtures, which plays a key role in determining their explosive characteristics. Keywords: mining high explosives, history of development, explosive properties.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

górnicze materiały wybuchowe; historia rozwoju; własności wybuchowe

EN

mining high explosives; history of development; explosive properties

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
• Czasopismo: Wiadomości Chemiczne
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: [Z] 61, 11-12
• Strony: 913--935
• Opis fizyczny: bibliogr. 23 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Zygmunt B.

• Wydział Mechatroniki Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa

Bibliografia

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