Tytuł artykułu
Autorzy
Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Aromaticity - a fundamental concept of modern organic chemistry
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Aromaticity is one of the most often used terms in chemistry. It is not a single property, but a multidimensional phenomenon which can be defined only by convention. Various typical characteristics of aromaticity not always occur to be equivalent. As a ground for these definitions it is usually accepted that aromatic compounds are those cyclic p-electron systems which exhibit the following properties: (i) They are more stable than the non-cyclic analogues; (ii) Their bond lengths are intermediate between the typical double and single bonds; (iii) They exhibit special magnetic properties: in the external field the p-electron ring current is induced. Sometimes an additional criterion is postulated: the aromatic systems react in the way to retain their p-electron structure. Most often it means that the substitution is preffered over the addition reaction. While the first three criteria may be transformed into quantitative parameters called aromaticity indices, reactivity can be used only in a qualitative way.
Słowa kluczowe
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
357--369
Opis fizyczny
tab., wykr., bibliogr. 55 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa
autor
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa
Bibliografia
- [1] J. E. Leffler, E. Grunwald, Rates and Equilibria of Organic Reactions, J. Wiley&Sons, New York 1963.
- [2] a) L. P. Hammett, Physical Organic Chemistry, Reaction Rates, Equilibria and Mechanisms, McGraw-Hill, New York 1970; b) Fizyczna chemia organiczna. Szybkości równowagi i mechanizmy reakcji, PWN, Warszawa 1976.
- [3] T. M. Krygowski, W. R. Fawcett, Can J. Chem., 1975, 53, 3622.
- [4] R. McWeeny, w przedmowie do Coulsons Valence, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1979.
- [5] Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Filadelfia, dane z listopada 1998.
- [6] T. M. Krygowski, M. K. Cyrański, Z. Czarnocki, G. Hafelinger, A. R. Katritzk y, Tetrahedron, 2000, 56, 1783.
- [7] M. Faraday, Philos. Trans. Roy Soc. (London), 1825, I, 440.
- [8] A. Kekulé, Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 1865, 3, 98.
- [9] E. Erlenmeyer, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 1866, 137, 327.
- [10] A. Kekulé, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1872, 168, 72.
- [11] R. Willstaetter, E. Waser, Ber., 1911, 44, 3433.
- [12] L. Pauling, G. W. Wheland, J. Chem. Phys., 1933, 1, 362.
- [13] G. W. Wheland, Resonance in Organic Chemistry, J. Wiley, New York 1955.
- [14] L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules in Crystals, 3rd ed., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca 1960.
- [15] E. Hückel, Z. Phys., 1931, 70, 204.
- [16] T. M. Krygowski, J. Kruszewski, Ilościowe krytetia aromatyczności, Prace Naukowe Instytutu Chemii Organicznej i Fizycznej Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wrocław 1978.
- [17] B. A. Hess, L. J. Schaad, C. W. Holyoke, Tetrahedron, 1972, 28, 5299.
- [18] B. A. Hess, L. J. Schaad, J. Chem. Educ., 1974, 51, 640.
- [19] K. Kug, A. Koster, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 6772.
- [20] T. M. Krygowski, A. Ciesielski, M. Cyrański, Chem Papers (Bratislava), 1995, 49, 128.
- [21] J. Młochowski, Chemia związków heterocyklicznych, PWN, Warszawa 1994.
- [22] L. Radom , H. F. Schaefer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 99, 7522.
- [23] P. v. R. Schleyer, D. Wilhelm, T. Clark, J. Organomet. Chem., 1985, 281, 0 7 .
- [24] R. B. Woodward, R. Hoffmann, Angew. Chem., 1969, 80, 797.
- [25] R. B. Woodward, R. Hoffmann, Die Erhaltung der Orbitalsymmetne, Verlag Chemie, Weiheim 1970.
- [26] D. P. Craig, Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Kekulé Symp., rozdz. III, Butterworth, London, 1959.
- [27] D. P. Craig, Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds, D. Ginsburg (red.), Part I, Interscience Publ., New York 1959.
- [28] L. A. Elvidge, L. M. Jackman, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 859.
- [29] F. Sondheim er, Pure Appl. Chem., 1964, 7, 363.
- [30] J. M. S. Dewar, Tetrahedron SuppL, 1966, 8, 75.
- [31] R. Breslow , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1968, 7, 565.
- [32] D. Lloyd, D. R. Marshall, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1972, 11, 404.
- [33] P. v. R. Schleyer, H. Jiao, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 209.
- [34] A. R. Katritzky, P. Barczyński, G. Musumurra, D. Pisano, M. Szafran, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 7.
- [35] K. Jug, A. Koster, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1991, 4, 163.
- [36] Z. Zhou, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1992, 2, 243.
- [37] V. I. Minkin, M. N. Glukhoytsev, B. Ya. Simkin, Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity, Electronic and Structural Aspects, J. Wiley&Sons, New York 1994.
- [38] A. R. Katritzky, V. Feygelm an, G. M usumurra, P. Barczyński, M. Szafran, J. Prakt. Chem., 1990, 332, 853.
- [39] A. R. Katritzky, V. Feygelm an, G. Musumurra, P. B arczyński, M. Szafran, ibid., 1990, 332, 870.
- [40] A. R. Katritzky, P. Barczyński, ibid., 1990, 332, 885.
- [41] T. M. Krygow ski, A. Ciesielski, C. W. Bird, A. Kotschy, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sei., 1995, 35, 203.
- [42] M. Cyrański, T. M. Krygowski, Pol. J. Chem., 1995, 69, 1088.
- [43] J. Czerm iński, A. Iwasiewicz, Z. Paszek, A. Sikorski, Statistical Methods in Applied Chemistry, PWN, Warszawa, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo 1990.
- [44] K. Überla, Faktorenanalyse, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977.
- [45] P. v. R. Schleyer, P. K. Freem an, H. Jiao, B. G oldfuss, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1995.34. 337
- [46] P. v. R. Schleyer, Materiały konferencyjne z 8th International Symposium on Novel Aromatic Compounds, Braunschweig, RFN, 1995, 7. [47] P. v. R. Schleyer, C. M aerker, A. D ransfeld, H. Jiao, N. J. R. v. E. Hom mes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 6317.
- [48] S. S. Shaik, Ph. C. Hiberty, G. Ohanessian, J. M. Lefour, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 5086.
- [49] C. W. Bird, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 9945
- [50] A. R. Katritzky, M. Karelson, S. Sild, T. M. Krygowski, K. Jug, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 5228.
- [51] M. K. Cyrański, T. M. K rygow ski, C. W. Bird, Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 9711.
- [52] G. Subram anian, P. v. R. Schleyer, H. Jiao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1996, 35, 2638.
- [53] G. Subram anian, P. v. R. Schleyer, H. Jiao, Organometallics, 1997, 16, 2362.
- [54] T. M. Krygowski, Wiad. Chem., 1994, 48, 719.
- [55] E. D. Bergmann w kończących uwagach w pracy zbiorowej: Aromaticity, Pseudo-Aromaticity and Anti-aromaticity, pod red. E. D. Bergmann, B. Pullman; Proc. of the Int. Symposium, Jerusalem, March-April, 1970, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities; Jerusalem, 1971.
Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BUS1-0008-0064