The European controlling system to reduce oil discharges in the sea

• Autorzy: Otremba Z.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Shiporigin operational discharges of oil mainly include the discharge of bilge water from motor rooms, fuel oil sludge and oily ballast water from fuel tanks. Also, various tankers can illegally discharge of tank-washing residues. Accidental discharges can appear when ship collide or come in distress at sea (e.g. engine breakdown, fire, explosion, pipeline breaks). There is necessity of continuous inspection of marine shipping routes, especially in environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. whole Baltic Sea). If protection against oil pollution is considered - the coastal nations of the North Sea are formed in the Bonn Agreement, whereas coastal nations of the Baltic Sea are formed in the HELCOM convention. Both organizations carrying out the international aerial surveillances and manage international oil-combat systems. Unfortunately, air surveillance can operate mainly in good weather, good visibility and in daylight. The surface of the whole world is observed independently on the time of day and weather by antennas of Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) of dozen military satellites with resolution of several meters. Some civil satellites equipped with SAR, supply every few days a set of signals which in ground-based centres are transformed to image of a define area of the sea surface. In these images, the shapes of places, which can be interpreted as polluted by an oil film, are shown. The system is introduced after EU directive and managed by European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). EMSA has developed the CleanSeaNet service - a satellite based monitoring system for marine oil spill detection. Advantages and limitations of the SAR-methods are discussed in this study. Physical, meteorological and hydrological as well as organizational conditions for effective use of this system are considered.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

marine transport; oil pollution detection; satellite surveillance; CleanSeaNet

• Wydawca: Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Aviation ; European Science Society of Powertrain and Transport KONES Poland ; Wydawnictwo Instytutu Technicznego Wojsk Lotniczych
• Czasopismo: Journal of KONES
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Vol. 19, No. 2
• Strony: 375--381
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 10 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Otremba Z.

• Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Marine Engineering Department of Physics Morska Street 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland tel.:[phone], fax: [phone],

Bibliografia

• [1] MARPOL 73/78. 1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto; Annex 1 – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil, http://ples.law.ntu.edu.tw/UserFiles/Marpol%20%28 Eng%29 .pdf, Retrieved on Juni 1, 2012.
• [2] HELCOM, Helsinki Convention; Annex 4 – Prevention of pollution by oil http://www.helcom.fi/stc/files/Convention/Conv1108.pdf.
• [3] Landau, E., Oil Spill!: Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, Millbrook Press, Minneapolis 2011.
• [4] Fingas, M., Oil Spill Science and Technology, Elsevier Inc. 2011.
• [5] Wang, Z., Stout, S., Oil Spill Environmental Forensics, Academic Press, San Diego 2007.
• [6] EMSA, European Maritime Safety Agency Website, http://www.emsa.europa.eu, Retrieved on Juni 1, 2012.
• [7] CleaSeaNet Homepage, http://cleanseanet.emsa.europa.eu, Retrieved on Juni 1, 2012.
• [8] SMHI (Swedish Meteorological Hydrological Institute) SeaTrack Web, Forecasts of oil spills, http://www.smhi.se/en/services/professional-services/Environment/forecasts-of-oilspills-1.7624, Retrieved on Juni 1, 2012.
• [9] AIS, Automatic Information Index, http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/, Retrieved on Juni 1, 2012.
• [10] SAR-Poland, Maritime Search and Rescue Service, http://www.sar.gov.pl/SAR/ sar.php?lng=uk, Retrieved on Juni 1, 2012.