Konstruktywizm Odessy na tle historycznego rozwoju urbanistyki i architektury miasta

• Autorzy: Cielątkowska R.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Constructivism in Odessa against the background of the historical development of the town planning and architecture of the city

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

The beginnings of the grandeur of Odessa date back to the end of the eighteenth century. The originally Slav settlement of Kotsubievo became know as Khadgibei after it was seized by the Turkish occupants, who fortified the town. In 1789, Russian forces, together with Ukrainian Cossacks, drove the Turks out of the northern Black Sea provinces. A new port town was founded in May 1794. The first authors of pertinent projects, entrusted with delineating and constructing the outline of the town, arrived already in August of the same year. Ensuing work was performed extremely efficiently and effectively. During the first quater of the nineteenth century, Odessa became an important administrative, economic and cultural centre of Southern Russia, as testified by the highly attractive appearance of the city. The town planning evolution of Odessa took place in two essential stages. A plan from 1794 introduced a division of streets, arranged in a chessboard pattern, with particular attention paid to localisation and outlay of the terrain. The well-designed plan was realised consistently. More than ten years after its confirmation, it became necessary to pursue a consecutive project due to intensive territorial develompent. A comparison of the plan from 1814 and its predecessor from 1794 demonstrayes cleary that the former was a nescessary supplement of the original version. A new period in local town planning coicided with the golden age of Classicism in Russian architecture. During the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century Russian Classicism reflected patriotic and democratic ideas shared by the progressive members of Russian society. This current is testified by the representative premises of the town, as well as its boulevards, squares and residential buildings (the Alexander Boulevard, Prieobrazhanskaya Street). An indubitable centre of Russian Classicism was St. Petersburg, which attracted the most renowned architects, such as A. N. Voronin, A. D. Zakharov, V. P. Stasov, K. I. Rossi, A. I. Melnikov and Thoma de Tomon. Some of them moved to Odessa, where they installed superior Classicistic architecture. During its development, from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, the architecture of Odessa succumbed to the impact of West European and Russian currents, and was the outcome of the efforts of both local and foreign architects. Initially, inter-war Russian architecture was predominatly avantgarde. In the wake of the October Revolution, the spirit of transformations prevalent troughout the country affected also architecture. Many projects, however, remained in the realm of fantasy - the dreams cherished by architects - since the economic-technical conditions offered by the state deprived them of all feactures of reality already during the initial phase. An essential role, particulary for residential housing, was played by decrees and laws which changed fundamentally all town-planning activity. The context of such directives proved to be decisive for the great mass-scale realisations of whole cities. The post-revolutionary isolation of Russia from the rest of Europe led to a sui generis repetitiveness of model solutions in particular parts of country (Odessa became familiar with the imposition of from already during the tsarist period). An analysis of the town planning configuration of Odessa shown that the appearance of its inter-war architecture (further described as constructivism) was of a supplementary nature. Thanks to the planned foundation of the town, its regular network was successively supplemented in the course of the following 200 years, in this manner condensing urban development. This process entailed also a supplementation of blocks, granted a constructivistic form; they never assumed the form of filling development, as was the case in Western Europe, but always remained compositions that constituted part of a block and frequently revealed the special treatment of the corner. The structure of the flats is, as a rule, leigible and frequently repetitive, and only sporadically linked into sections. The flats are predominantly composed of 2-3 rooms (bath, WC, kitchen, rooms) with differentiated space heated by means of stoves. Owing to differrences in the political system, they did not include servants' accommmodation adjoining the kitchen, as was the case in Lvov, or a concierge flat on the ground floor. A characteristic feature was the adaptation of the typical Odessa colour - all the hues of yellow. The form of the solids remained extremely simple, operated with offsets and balconies, and accentuated vertical staircases by means of glass walls and, at times, semi-circular forms. Undoubtedly, all such solutions refer to forms which appeared in Moscow. Taking into consideration the changing political situation in Russia, the author placed the development presented below at the turn of the 1920s.

• Wydawca: Komitet Architektury i Urbanistyki PAN ; Politechnika Warszawska, Wydział Architektury
• Czasopismo: Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki
• Rocznik: 1998
• Tom: T. 43, z. 4
• Strony: 323--327

Twórcy

autor

Cielątkowska R.