Wykrywanie pierwotniaków Cryptosporidium spp. w próbach środowiskowych

• Autorzy: Bajer A. , Bednarska M. , Siński E.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental samples

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Pierwotniaki z rodzaju Cryptosporidium to pasożyty przewodu pokarmowego wielu gatunków zwierząt i człowieka. Zarażenia tymi pasożytami są przyczyną długotrwałych lub nawracających biegunek u osób z grup ryzyka, z wrodzonymi lub nabytymi niedoborami odporności. Pasożyty wytwarzają bardzo odporne na warunki zewnętrzne formy inwazyjne (oocysty), które są usuwane wraz z kałem zarażonych osobników i mogą kumulować się w zbiornikach wód powierzchniowych. Środowisko wodne zanieczyszczone oocystami stanowi jedną z głównych dróg rozprzestrzeniania się pasożytów, a zanieczyszczona woda jest główną przyczyną kryptosporidiozy u ludzi. Monitorowanie wody w kierunku obecności oocyst na różnych etapach uzdatniania wody stało się priorytetem regulowanym przez prawo w wielu krajach na całym świecie. Doprowadziło to do opracowania wielostopniowych metod wykrywania, z wykorzystaniem najnowszej techniki i metod biologii molekularnej. Stosowane metody mają na celu: (1) specyficzne i czułe wykrywanie skażenia; (2) oszacowanie skuteczności metod uzdatniania, w tym różnych metod dezynfekcji; (3) określenie źródeł skażenia; (4) określenie inwazyjności pasożyta; (5) ocenę potencjalnego zagrożenia dla zdrowia publicznego. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono najczęściej stosowane metody wykrywania pierwotniaków oraz ich wady i zalety. Praca finansowana z grantu MNiSZW nr R 14 012 01.

EN

Protozoans of Cryptosporidium genus are intestinal parasites of many animals and also humans. Cryptosporidium infections are the cause of long-lasting or re-emerging diarrhea in person in risk groups- those with different levels of innate or acquired immunodeficiencies. Parasites produce invasive forms- oocysts- that are very resistant to environmental conditions and are deposited into environment in large quantities with feces of infected hosts. Oocysts may accumulate in surface water bodies. Water contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocyst constitutes one of the main route of dispersion and transmission for the parasite in human environment. Monitoring of drinking water contamination with oocysts is up to date one of the priorities in water industry, regulated by law. During last 20 years, many multi-step methods were settled for the detection of parasite in water, involving modern technologies and molecular methods. These methods are applied for: (1) highly specific and sensitive detection of parasites; (2) evaluation of effectiveness of water treatment/ disinfection methods; (3) identification of contamination sources; (4) evaluation of parasite viability/ infectivity; (5) public health risk assessment. The main aim of this article was to present the most common methods of parasite detection and to compare its advantages and disadvantages.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

wodociąg; skażenie wody; Cryptosporidium

EN

water supply system; contamination of water; Cryptosporidium

• Wydawca: Ośrodek Informacji "Technika instalacyjna w budownictwie''
• Czasopismo: Instal
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: nr 3
• Strony: 50--55
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 38 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Bajer A.

autor

Bednarska M.

autor

Siński E.

• Zakład Parazytologii, Instytut Zoologii, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa

Bibliografia

• [1] Bajer A. The epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. infections in humans, animals and the environment in Poland. Parasitology Research, 2008. 104: 1-17. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1179-x.
• [2] Bednarska M., Bajer A., Sinski E., Girouard A.S, Tamang L., Graczyk T.K. Fluorescent in situ hybridization as a tool to retrospectively identify Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia infections in terrestrial mammalian wildlife. Parasitology Research, 2007. 100, 455-460.
• [3] Betancourt W.Q., Rose J.B. Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Veterinary Parasitology, 2004. 126: 219-234.
• [4] Bukhari Z., Glen W.Z., Clancy J.L. Effects of pH on a fluorogenic vital dye assay (4’, 6’-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole and propidium iodide) for Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. Water Research, 1999. 33: 3037-3039.
• [5] Bull S., Chalmers R., Sturdee A.P., Curry A., Kennaugh J. Cross-reaction of an anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody with sporocysts of Monocystis species. Veterinary Parasitology, 1998a. 77: 195-197.
• [6] Chappell C.L., Okhuysen P.C., Sterling C.R., Wang C., Jakubowski W., Dupont H.L. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti- C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1999. 60: 157-164.
• [7] Chappell C.L., Okhuysen P.C., Sterling C.R., Dupont H.L. Cryptosporidium parvum: intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996. 173: 232-236.
• [8] Da Silva A.J., Bornay-Llinares F.J., Moura I.N.S., Slemenda S.B., Tuttle J.L., Pieniążek N.J. Fast and reliable extraction of protozoan parasite DNA from fecal specimens. Molecular Diagnosis, 1999. 4: 57-64.
• [9] Dillingham RA, Lima AA, Guerrant RL. Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes and Infection, 2002. 4, 1059-1066.
• [10] Vesey, G., Ashbolt, N., Fricker, E.J., Deere, D., Williams, K.L., Veal, D.A. and Dorsch, M. The use of a ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probe for fluorescent labelling of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 1998. 85, 429-440.
• [11] DuPont H.L., Chappell C.L., Sterling C.R., Okhuysen P.C., Rose J.B., Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 1996. 23: 201-202.
• [12] Feng Y., Alderisio K.A., Yang W., Blancero L.A., Kuhne W.G., Nadareski C.A., Reid M., Xiao L. Cryptosporidium genotypes in wildlife from a New York Watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007. 73: 6475-6483. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01034-07.
• [13] Graczyk T.K., Fried B. Human waterborne Trematode and Protozoan infections. Advances in Parasitology, 2007. 64: 111-160. doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(06)64002-5.
• [14] Griffiths J.K. Human cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical disease, treatment, and diagnosis. Advances in Parasitology, 1998. 40: 37-86.
• [15] Harwood V.J., Levine A.D., Scott T.M., Chivukula V., Lukasik J., Farrah S.R., Rose J.B. Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005. 71: 3163-3170. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.6.3163-3170.2005.
• [16] Henriksen S., Pohlenz J. Staining of cryptosporidia by modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 1981. 22: 594-596.
• [17] Jiang J., Alderisio K.A., Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005. 71: 4446-4454. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.8.4446-4454.2005.
• [18] Johnston, S.P., Ballard, M.M., Beach, M.J., Causer, L. and Wilkins, P.P. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2003. 41: 623-626.
• [19] Lemos V., Graczyk T.K., Alves M., Lobo M.L., Sousa M.C., Antunes F. Matos O. Identification and determination of the viability of Giardia lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts in human fecal and water supply samples by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and monoclonal antibodies. Parasitology Research, 2005. 98: 48-53.
• [20] Leng X., Mosier D.A.,Oberst R.D. Simplified method for recovery and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium DNA from bovine faeces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1996. 62: 643-647.
• [21] Lorenzo M.J., Casal J.A., Freire F., Castro J.A., Vergara C.A., Ares-Mazas M.E. Determination of immuno-cross-reactivity between Cryptosporidium parvum and Eimeria spp. Veterinary Parasitology, 1998. 76: 1-8.
• [22] O’Donoghue P.J. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. International Journal for Parasitology, 1995. 25: 139-195.
• [23] Robertson L. Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in sheep and goats: a review of the potential for transmission to humans via environmental contamination. Epidemiology and Infection, 2009. in press.
• [24] Ruecker N.J., Braithwaite S.L., Topp E., Edge T., Lapen D.R., Wilkes G., Robertson W., Medeiros D., Sensen C.W., Neumann N.F. Tracking host sources of Cryptosporidium spp. in raw water for improved health risk assessment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007. 73: 3945-3957. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02788-06.
• [25] Smith A., Reacher M., Smerdon W., Adak G.K., Nichols G., Chalmers R.M. Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003. Epidemiology and Infection, 2006. 134: 1141-1149. doi: 10.1017/S0950268806006406.
• [26] Sulaiman I.M., Xiao L., & Lal A.A. Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum genotyping techniques. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1999. 65: 4431-4435.
• [27] Sunnotel O., Lowery C.J., Moore J.E., Dooley J.S.G., Xiao L., Millar B.C., Rooney P.J., Snelling W.J. 2006. Cryptosporidium. Letters in Applied Microbiology 43: 7-16.
• [28] Tzipori S., Widmer G. A hundred-year retrospective on cryptosporidiosis. Trends in Parasitology, 2008. 24:184-189. doi: 10.1016/i. pt.2008.01.002.
• [29] Weber R., Bryan R.T., Bishop H.S., Wahlquist S.P., Sullivan J.J. and Juranek D.D. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1991. 29: 1323-1327.
• [30] Webster K.A., Smith H.V., Giles M., Dawson L. and Robertson L.J. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in faeces: comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and the polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Parasitology, 1996. 61: 5-13.
• [31] Wolska-Kuśnierz B, Bajer A, Caccio S, Heropolitańska-Pliszka E, Bernatowska E, Socha P, van Dongen J, Bednarska M, Paziewska A, Siński E. Cryptosporidium infection in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2007. 45: 458-64.
• [32] Xiao L., Fayer R. Molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission. International Journal for Parasitology, 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara. 2008.03.006 (in press).
• [33] Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clinical Microbiology Review, 2004a. 17: 72-97.
• [34] Xiao L., Lal A.A. and Jiang J. Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by PCR-RFLP. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2004b. 268: 163-176.
• [35] Xiao L., Singh A., Limor J., Graczyk T.K., Gradus S., Lal A.. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001. 67: 1097-1101. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.3.1097-1101.2001.
• [36] Xiao L., Morgan U.M., Fayer R., Thompson R.C.A., & Lal A.A.. Cryptosporidium systematic and implications for public health. Parasitology Today, 2000. 16: 287-292.
• [37] Yang W., Chen P., Villegas E.N., Landy R.B., Kanetsky C., Cama V., Dearen T., Schultz C.L., Orndorff k.G., Prelewicz G.J., Brown M.H., Young K.R., Xiao L. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2008. Sep 5 [Epub ahead of print].
• [38] Ziegler P.E., Wade S.E., Schaaf S.L., Chang Y.F., Mohammed HO.J. Cryptosporidium spp. from small mammals in the New York City watershed. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2007. 43: 586-96.