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Tytuł artykułu

How to use traditional spectrum analyzers for correct evaluation of the human exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by wimax devices

Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), based on the IEEE 802.16 standards, is a technology that offers low cost mobile broadband access to multimedia and internet applications for operators and end-users. Similarly to cellular phone or other Radio Frequency devices, WiMAX has to be considered as a possible source of electromagnetic pollution and so monitoring its emission could be necessary to verify compliance with the applicable emission limits. Generally, the monitoring of the electromagnetic pollution is performed by means of a suitable measurement chain constituted by an antenna connected to a traditional spectrum analyzer. The use of this kind of device to measure the power of digital modulated noise-like signals, such as WiMAX, requires to use proper measurement methods and to carefully set many instrument parameters to obtain reliable measurement results, otherwise a significant underestimate or overestimate of the human exposure can be obtained. In this framework, this paper investigates the feasibility of using the traditional spectrum analyzer to perform the electromagnetic pollution measurements due to WiMAX devices. A large experimental campaign is carried out to identify the most proper measurement method and spectrum analyzer settings able to warrant reliable measurements.
Rocznik
Strony
525--536
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 22 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
autor
  • University of Cassino, Faculty of Engineering, DAEIMI, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy, betta@unicas.it
Bibliografia
  • [1] Westech Communication Inc. on behalf of the WiMAX Forum. (December 2005). Can wimax address your applications. http://www.wimaxforum.org
  • [2] Grant, H., Heirman, D., Kuriger, G. (2001). Wireless EMC in the Medical Industry: Review of Research and the Impact on EMI Risk. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. Montreal, Canada, 1292-1297.
  • [3] Wang, H., Sha, F., Liu, P. (2002). EMC problem in a train control system based on wireless communication. In Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Beijing, China, 688-691.
  • [4] Betta, G., Capriglione, D., Ferrigno, L., Miele, G. (2008). Experimental Investigation of the Electromagnetic Interference of ZigBee Transmitters on Measurement Instruments. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, 57(10), 2118-2127.
  • [5] Betta, G., Capriglione, D., Ferrigno, L., Miele, G. (2007). Influence of Wi-Fi computer interfaces on RF measurement systems. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces, and Measurement Systems. Ostuni, Italy, 99-104.
  • [6] Angrisani, L., Bertocco, M., Fortin, D., Sona, A. (2007). Assessing coexistence problems of IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks through cross-layer measurements. In Proceedings of IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. Warsaw, Poland, 1-7.
  • [7] Ahlbom, A., Green, A., Kheifets, L., Savitz, D., Swerdlow, A. (2004). Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(7), 1741-1751.
  • [8] ICNIRP (1998). Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics, 74(4), 494-522.
  • [9] IEEE Std C95.3-2002™. (2002). IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz-300 GHz.
  • [10] Bertocco, M., Sona, A. (2006). On the Measurement of Power via a Superheterodyne Spectrum Analyzer. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements. 55(5), 1494-1501.
  • [11] Agilent Technologies Inc.: AN 1303. (December 2003). Spectrum Analyzers Measurements and Noise. http://www.agilent.com
  • [12] Joseph, W., Olivier, C., Martens, L. (2007). Accurate Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure From WiMAX Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, 57(3), 518-521.
  • [13] Betta, G., Capriglione, D., Miele, G., Rossi, L. (2008). Reliable Measurements of Wi-Fi™ Electromagnetic Pollution by Means of Traditional Spectrum Analyzers. In Proceedings of IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. Victoria, Canada, 206-211.
  • [14] Angrisani, L., Capriglione, D., Ferrigno, L., Miele, G. (2008). Power Measurements in DVB-T Systems: New Proposal for Enhancing Reliability and Repeatability. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, 57(10), 2108-2117.
  • [15] Angrisani, L., Capriglione, D., Ferrigno, L., Miele, G. (2009). Power Measurement in DVB-T Systems: On the Suitability of Parametric Spectral Estimation in DSP-Based Meters. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, 58(1), 76-86.
  • [16] Betta, G., Capriglione, D., Miele, G., Rossi, L. (2009). The use of traditional spectrum analyzers to measure the electromagnetic pollution generated by WiMAX devices. In Proceedings of XIX IMEKO World Congress. Lisbon, Portugal, 485-490.
  • [17] IEEE. Standard 802.16-2004. (October 2004). Part 16: Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems.
  • [18] IEEE. Standard 802.16e-2005. (December 2005). Part 16: Air interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless access systems - Amendment for physical and medium access control layers for combined fixed and mobile operation in licensed band.
  • [19] Andrews, J., Ghosh, A., Muhamed, R. (2007). Fundamentals of WiMAX - Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking. Prentice-Hall, 33-63.
  • [20] Rohde & Schwarz Application Note. (December 2007). WiMAX: IEEE 802.16e-2005 Introduction to OFDMA Measurements. http://www.rohde-schwarz.com
  • [21] CISPR 16-4. (2002). Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4: Uncertainty in EMC measurements.
  • [22] Rohde & Schwarz Application Note. (December 2003). Power Measurement on Pulsed Signals with Spectrum Analyzers. http://www.rohde-schwarz.com
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BSW1-0075-0002
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