Geneza i morfologia kopuł pełnościennych

• Autorzy: Mirski J. Z.

Warianty tytułu

EN

The origin and morphology of domes

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

In ancient Greece the conviction about the ideal order of the universe stirred interest in geometry. The quest for ideal proportions led (i. a. thanks to observations of Nature, including the human body) to the creation of so-called canons in architecture and sculpture. In this respect the Greeks regarded as ideal all regular figures (primarily the circle and the square) as well as the sphere and regular polyhedrons. They devised the perfect, in their opinion, proportions of geometrical figures, such as the rectangle based on the so-called golden division. The practical Romans developed the technology of building roofs and domes, thus implementing the Greek ideal by creating centrally planned buildings, raised primarily for ideological and prestige reasons. The domes were a synonym of the heavenly vault, and stirred human imagination. During the Hellenistic period Greek colonisation encompassed the terrains of the later Eastern Empire - Byzantium, whose culture, including language, remained to a considerable degree under the impact of Greek tradition. In architecture, the new spirit of Christianity, permeating all spheres of Byzantine culture, obtained a "Greek" form - a church raised on the central plan of a Greek (i. e. an isosceles) cross, covered with a dome on the crossing of the naves. Up to this day, the Hagia Sophia, built in Constantinople, is recognised as one of the greatest masterpieces of world architecture. In north-western Italy, which remained under Byzantine influence, the sixth century witnessed the emergence of excellent examples of edifices of this sort (Ravenna, and subsequently Venice), which affected the development of European architecture. This model was revived during the period of Mannerism, i. a. in Poland, as illustrated by the collegiate church in Klimontów near Kielce. In Aquitaine, which retained contacts with Venice, the Roman style was used for the construction of several score so-called dome churches, preserved up to this day. The Renaissance in architecture denoted simultaneously a renascence of central buildings and domes. An example of an ideal centrally designed building is the Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio (1502) in Rome, which D. Bramante intentionally granted the shape of an ancient Vesta temple. New structure of architectural forms and technologies of building domes did not appear until the twentieth century as a result of the invention of a new material, reinforced concrete.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

forma architektoniczna; kopuły

EN

architectural forms; domes

• Wydawca: Komitet Architektury i Urbanistyki PAN ; Politechnika Warszawska, Wydział Architektury
• Czasopismo: Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: T. 47, z. 2
• Strony: 126--146
• Opis fizyczny: fot., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Mirski J. Z.

• Katedra Architektury i Ochrony Budowli Zabytkowych, Wydział Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska, Politechnika Świętokrzyska, Kielce