Hierarchia zdarzeń sejsmicznych. Multifraktalne własności parametrów wstrząsów górniczych

Wanat, K.

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Hierarchia zdarzeń sejsmicznych. Multifraktalne własności parametrów wstrząsów górniczych

Autorzy

Wanat K.

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Hierarchy of seismic events multifractal properties of seismic events properties on mines

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Zdarzenia sejsmicznie indukowane działalnością górniczą, powodowane nagłym i niespodziewanym zniszczeniem skał poddanych działaniu dużych naprężeń, stanowią zasadnicza przyczynę wypadków śmiertelnych i zniszczeń na terenie niemal wszystkich kopalń. Jednak, dopiero ostatnie dwie dekady, przez olbrzymi postęp w technologii elektronicznej i rozwój komputerów, dały istotny wkład do poznania przyczyn i mechanizmu niszczenia skał. Sejsmologia ilościowa, rozpoznając te zjawiska, może w przyszłości zaowocować bezpiecznymi metodami eksploatacji podziemnej. W pierwszej części tego opracowania został przedstawiony przegląd literatury opisującej rezultaty badań sejsmiczności górniczej. Największe osiągnięcia zostały uzyskane na polu badania lokalizacji wstrząsów, mechanizmu zniszczenia i wyznaczania istotnie ważnych parametrów sejsmicznych. Innym celem pracy była prezentacja wybranych modeli powstawania wstrząsów. Zostały przedstawione warunki konieczny i dostateczny powstawania zjawiska sejsmicznego, a także model ruchu mas i sprężyn z malejącą przy wzroście prędkości siłą tarcia. Model opisuje dwie poruszające się masy oddziałujące między sobą i z wymuszającym ruch suwakiem siłami sprężystymi. Przy pewnych układach parametrów modelu rozwiązania równań opisujących jego zachowanie prowadzą do chaosu. Przejście do rozwiązań cyklicznych do typowego dla wstrząsów chaosu daje dowód na to, że nie zawsze układy klasycznych równań różniczkowych są w stanie dostarczyć deterministycznego opisu rzeczywistości. Następnie przedstawiony jest model szorstkich centrów tarcia i model samoorganizacji wstrząsów. Obydwa modele już w swych założeniach przyjmują elementy losowości i prowadzą do fraktalnych rozkładów wstrząsów. Główna część pracy zawiera szczegółowy opis metody konstruowania hierarchicznej struktury danych sejmologicznych oraz metody analizy fraktalnej. Wszystkie multifraktale analizowane w tej pracy można wygenerować używając bardzo prostego, multiplikatywnego generatora. Hierarchie tworzone na podstawie przestrzennej konfiguracji wstrząsów górniczych umożliwiają obliczenie entropii i temperatury sejsmicznej. Temperatura może być miarą zagrożenia sejsmicznego. Została przeprowadzona analiza kilku parametrów (hipocentra i epicentra wstrząsów, energia i czas pojawiania się zdarzeń sejsmicznych) charakteryzując wstrząs. Obliczone wymiary fraktalne wykazują multifraktalną naturę zjawisk sejsmicznych. Chwilowe zmiany uogólnionego wymiaru fraktalnego mogą sygnalizować pojawienie się dużego wstrząsu. Bifraktalne zachowanie rozkładów energii wstrząsów na kopalniach węgla wprowadza istotny błąd do metod przewidywania zagrożenia sejsmicznego opartych na analizie parametru b z prawa Gutenberga-Richtera. Zostały przedstawione mapy tensora zniszczenia, redystrybucji naprężeń oraz przemieszczeń masywu skalnego powstałe w wyniku wstrząsów górniczych zarejestrowanych na kopalni złota Generał Brandt w RPA. Danymi tego rodzaju można uzupełnić wszystkie pietra hierarchii wstrząsów górniczych. Są one podstawą kilku metod prognozowania zagrożenia sejsmicznego. Ta praca koncentruje się na statycznych własnościach struktur hierarchicznych. Śledzenie dynamiki tych obiektów i korelacji z tektoniką czy eksploatacją, co też może być uwzględnione w budowie hierarchii wstrząsów, przekracza możliwości ludzkiej percepcji. Konieczne będzie zbudowanie stosownych narzędzi bazujących na metodach sztucznej inteligencji.

Mining induced seismicity, caused by the sudden and violent failure of rock under high stress, has been an important cause of fatalities and damage in almost all mines. However, it is only in the last two decades, with technological advances in electronic components and in computers, that quantitative seismology has made significant contributions to understanding the causes and mechanisms of rock failure, which can in turn be applied to underground safety improvements. The first part of this paper presented a literature review of results obtained from recording mining induced seismic activity, and discusses the utility of these results for mine design purposes. The main achievements are in the fields of source location, magnitude, failure mechanisms, and evaluation and interpretation of seismic parameters. Another goal is to present some of selected models of seismic events occurrences. As the first one, the model of mess-springs and velocity-weakening friction has been presented. The model consists of two sliding blocks coupled to each other and to constant velocity driver by elastic springs. For some set of model parameters the solution exhibit chaotic behavior. The transition from stable cyclic behavior to chaos, typical for seismic events, give an evidence that sets of classical expressions are not ever necessary to give strictly deterministic picture of nature. Next part presented an asperity model of rupture along heterogeneous fault surface and, the self-organized model of seismicty. Both models are based on a simple probabilistic assumption and provides to fractal structures of seismic events. The main part of this paper contains detailed description of the method of hierarchical construction of seismic database and the method of multifractal analyses. Some aspects of artificial intelligence have been used in a goal to generate a chart of coding. Only limited numbers of the charts coding are needed to generate quite good patterns of a given set of seismic parameters. All multifractals analyzed in this paper can be generated by very simple random multiplicative process. Some examples pf parameters associated to mine rock-burst structures are presented (spatial distribution of hypocenters, energy and, time) and theirs fractal dimensions has been calculated. Temporal change of generalized dimension can indicated large seismic event. Bifractal behavior of energy distribution 9and, also a series of time of seismic events occurrences) on polish coal mine provided to large uncertainty in methods of seismic hazard prediction. The pictures of damage tensor, stress redistribution and, rock mass displacement on General Brandt gold mine (RSA) are presented.

Słowa kluczowe

seismic events multifractal properties tremor fractal structures

Wydawca

Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej

Czasopismo

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

Rocznik

2005

Tom

z. 265

Strony

3--151

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 167 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Wanat K.

Wydział Górnictwa i Geologii Politechnika Śląska, 44-100 Gliwice, ul. Akademicka 2 tel.( 032) 237-12-83

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