Ocena przydatności metod unieszkodliwiania dwunitro-orto-krezolu (DNOC) w zależności od formy jego występowania w środowisku

Biegańska, J.

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Ocena przydatności metod unieszkodliwiania dwunitro-orto-krezolu (DNOC) w zależności od formy jego występowania w środowisku

Autorzy

Biegańska J.

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Assessment of usability of DNOC neutralization methods depending on its form in the environment

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Zgodnie z powszechna opinią, zgromadzone i przeterminowane pestycydy są jednym z największych zagrożeń dla środowiska naturalnego, zdrowia i gospodarki i dlatego powinny zostać we właściwy sposób zlikwidowane. Skala problemu jest duża (np. w Polsce zgromadzono w ciągu 20 lat 60 000 Mg pestycydów); w wielu krajach poszukiwane są skuteczne metody usuwania pestycydów. Stosowane technologie muszą spełnić najwyższe standardy z zakresu ochrony środowiska, by dodatkowo go nie dociążać. Duży problem stanowią substancje, które rozproszone są we wszystkich elementach środowiska występując w rożnych formach. Często trudno jest zastosować kompleksowe rozwiązanie dla likwidacji takich substancji. W niniejszej pracy wykazano, na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań, że można kompleksowo rozwiązać problem likwidacji zapasów jednego z wycofanych już w Europie pestycydów - DNOC, a zgromadzonego w mogilnikach. Zalecana i radykalna metoda unieszkodliwiania DNOC poprzez spalanie nie jest wskazana, ponieważ pestycyd ten zawiera grupy nitrowe - NO2 i w stanie suchym ma zdolności do rozkładu wybuchowego. Poszukiwano innych skutecznych metod jego unieszkodliwiania, prowadząc badania przydatności metod: biologicznych, chemicznych i termicznych w warunkach wysokiego ciśnienia i temperatury - spalania detonacyjnego. Zaproponowano trzy metody rozkładu DNOC w zależności od formy jego występowania, tj. metodę detonacyjnego spalania, zaawansowanego utleniania w układzie ozon/nadtlenek wodoru w ściekach oraz za pomocą mikroorganizmów w glebie. Metoda detonacyjnego spalania, w której DNOC zastosowano jako składnik palny materiałów wybuchowych typu ANFO i MWE, stanowi najlepszy pod względem ekologicznym sposób likwidacji. Stopień rozkładu DNOC tą metodą wynosi > 99,99%. Metoda detonacyjnego spalania nie wymaga oczyszczania gazów postrzałowych z NOx, ponieważ skład materiału wybuchowego jest tak projektowany, aby zawartość NOx w gazach postrzałowych spełniała normy dla materiałów wybuchowych. W metodzie chemicznego utleniania DNOC w układzie ozon/nadtlenek wodoru uzyskano wysoki stopień rozkładu (ponad 99,99%). Metoda ta może być stosowana do rozkładu DNOC w ściekach, w których zawartość pestycydu wynosi < 100 mg/dm³. Rozkład DNOC za pomocą mikroorganizmów pozwolił zmniejszyć zawartość tego związku w skażonej glebie. Po 5 miesiącach eksperymentu uzyskano obniżenie zawartości DNOC, w stosunku do próbek porównawczych (bez dodatku mikroorganizmów), o 37%. Wyniki badań rozkładu DNOC metodami biologiczną, chemiczną i detonacyjnego spalania pozwoliły na opracowanie koncepcji technologicznych kompleksowego unieszkodliwiania tego pestycydu.

According to the public opinion, stored and expired pesticides are one of the most dangerous substances for the environment, health and economy, thus they should be liquidated in a proper way. The range of problem is huge, e.g. in Poland, within 20 years 60 000 Mg of pesticides was stored. In other countries, an effective methods of liquidation of pesticides are sought. Applied technologies must fulfil standards of environment protection. Substances, that are spread in all parts of the environment, in different forms, are particularly dangerous. Application of complex method for their liquidation is often very difficult. The present work, on the basis of carried out research, proves that it is possible do liquidate complexly one of the out of use pesticide DNOC which was stored in graveyards. Recommended and radical method of DNOC neutralization by combustion is not advisable, because this pesticide contains nitric groups NO2. Beside, in dry form, DNOC is prone to explosive decomposition. Other effective methods of DNOC neutralization were investigated, like biological, chemical and thermal in high pressure and temperature - a detonative combustion. Three methods of DNOC decomposition has been proposed, depending on its form, i.e. a detonative combustion method, advanced oxidation in ozone/hydrogen dioxide system in sludge and by means of micro-organisms in soil. In detonative combustion method, DNOC was used as a combustible component of blasting material ANFO and MWE. It is the best ecological method of DNOC liquidation, with efficiency over 99,99%. In this method, a purification of gaseous products is not required, because composition of blasting material fulfils norms of NO2 content in gaseous products for blasting materials. In chemical oxidation of DNOC in ozone/hydrogen dioxide system, a high efficiency of decomposition was obtained (over 99,99%). This method of DNOC decomposition may be applied for sludge, in which content of pesticide is up to 100 mg/dm ³. Decomposition of DNOC by means of micro-organisms lessens content of this substance in contaminated soil. After 5 months of experiment, the amount of DNOC was 37% smaller than in soil without addition of micro-organisms. Results of DNOC decomposition research by biological, chemical and detonative combustion method allowed to elaborate technological conception of complex neutralization of this pesticide.

Słowa kluczowe

DNOC pestycydy utylizacja odpadów unieszkodliwianie odpadów spalanie detonacyjne utlenianie chemiczne rozkład biologiczny

DNOC pesticides pesticides utilization waste neutralization explosive burning chemical oxidation biological decomposition

Wydawca

Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej

Czasopismo

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Politechnika Śląska

Rocznik

2007

Tom

z. 56

Strony

3--88

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 265 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Biegańska J.

Katedra Technologii i Urządzeń Zagospodarowania Odpadów Politechniki Śląskiej, 44-100 Gliwice, ul. Konarskiego 18, tel. (032) 237-15-57, jolanta.bieganska@polsl.pl

Bibliografia

1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological Profile for Dinitrocresols, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Human Services, Atlanta 1995.
2. Alber M., Boehm H.B., Brodesser J., et al.: Determination of nitrophenols in rain and snow. Fresenius' J Anal Chem 1989, 334:540-545.
3. Albrechtsen H.J., Mills M.S., Aamand J., et al.: Degradation of herbicides in shallow Danish aquifers: an integrated laboratory and field study. Symposium "Degradation of Pesticides in Subsoil and Groundwater" in Brighton, UK 21-25 May, 2000.
4. Alnaizy R., Akgerman A.: Oxidative treatment of high explosive contaminated wastewater. Water Res 1999, 33:2021-2030.
5. Ambrose A.M.: Some toxicological and pharmacological studies on 3,5-dinitro-o-cresol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1942, 76:245-251.
6. Ambrus A., Thier H-P.: Application of multiresidue procedures in pesticides residues analysis. Pure & Appl. Chem 1986, 58(7):1035-1062.
7. Amman H.U.: Parameters governing the leaching of chemicals in the soil. Les Colloquilles de I'INRA 1985,31:105-116.
8. Andersen K.J., Leighty E.G., Takahashi M.T.: Evaluation of herbicides for possible mutagenic properties. J Agric Food Chem 1972, 20(3):649-656.
9. Anthony E.J., Bulewicz E.M., Preto P.: The combustion of halogenated wastes in FBC systems. 49th Annual Industrial Waste Conf., Ed. C.S. Dalton, Lewis PubHshers, Chelsea, Michigan, 1995, p. 673-679.
10. Arildskov N.P., Pedersen P.G., Albrechtsen H.J.: Fate of the herbicides 2,4,5-T, atrazine, and DNOC in a shallow, anaerobic aquifer investigated by in situ passive diffusive emitters and laboratory batch experiments. Ground Water 2001, 39(6):819-830.
11. Arustamyan A.N.: Toxicity of dinitro-o-cresol (dinoc) for rabbits. TR Inst Vet Sanit 1972, 45:166-169.
12. Amstamyn A.N.: The toxicity of dinitro-ortho-cresols for warm-blooded animals and problems of industrial hygiene in its application. Tr Inst Vet Sanit 1972, 45:166-169.
13. Ashley K.: Ultrasonic extraction and field portable anodic stripping voltammetry of lead from environmental samples, Electroanalysis 1995, 7:189-1192.
14. ASTM El598-94. Standard practice for conducting early seedling growth tests. American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, United States of America 1994.
15. Atkinson R., Aschmann S.M., Arey J.: Reactions of OH and NO3 radicals with phenol, cresols, and 2-nitrophenyl at 296 +/- 2 K. Environ Sci Technol 1992, 26(7):1397-1403.
16. Atkinson R.: Estimation of gas-phase hydroxyl radical rate constants for organic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 1988, 7:435-442.
17. ATSDR. Decision guide for identifying substance-specific data needs related to toxicological profiles. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1989.
18. Bailey G.W., White J.L.: Herbicides: A compilation of their physical, chemical and biological properties. Residue Rev 1965, 10:97-122.
19. Baldwin D. A., Debowski J. K.: Determination of phenols by HPLC down to ppt levels, Chromatographia 1988, 26, 186.
20. Bard S.M.: Global transport of anthropogenic contaminants and the consequences for the Arctic marine ecosystem. Marine Pollution Bulletin 1999, 38(5):356-379.
21. Baseline study of the problem of obsolete pesticide stocks. FAO Pesticide Disposal Series no. 9, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 2001.
22. Basic Analytical Toxicology, World Health Organization, Geneva 1995.
23. Ben-Dyke R., Sanderson D.M, Noakes D.N.: Acute toxicity data for pesticides. World Rev Pest Contr 1970, 9(3):119-127.
24. Bernes C.: Persistent organic pollutants. A Swedish view of an international problem. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Monitor 16, 1998.
25. Beulke S., Brown C.D.: Impact of correlation between pesticide parameters on estimates of environmental exposure. Pest Management Science 2006, 62:603-609.
26. Bidstrup P.L., Payne J.H.: Poisoning by dinitro-ortho-cresol. Report of eight fatal cases occurring in Great Britain. Br Med J 1951, 2:16-19.
27. Biegańska J., Matyszkiewicz B.: Nowoczesne przemysłowe materiały wybuchowe źródłem emisji toksycznego tlenku glinu. Górnictwo Odkrywkowe 2000, XLII: 5-6:127-133.
28. Biegańska J.: A model study of pesticide biodegradation in soil. Biology Bulletin 2007, 34(1):76-85.
29. Biegańska J.: Modelnye issledowaniya biologicheskogo rasłożeniya pesticidov v poczve. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya 2007, 1:91-101.
30. Biegańska J.: Neutralization of 4,6-dinitro-orto-cresol waste pesticide by means of detonative combustion. Environ. Sci. Technol 2005, 39(4):1190-1196.
31. Biegańska J.: Ochrona środowiska w aspekcie eksploatacji surowców mineralnych metodą kruszenia materiałami wybuchowymi. Jakość Środowiska Techniki i Technologie. Wydawnictwo Komdruk-Komag, Gliwice 2001, s. 237-248.
32. Biegańska J.: Stosowanie MW Heavy - ANFO sposobem na poprawę ochrony środowiska w kopalniach odkrywkowych. Prace Naukowe Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Seria: Konferencje N° 43 Bezpieczeństwo robót strzałowych w górnictwie. Zespół Wydawnictw i Usług Poligraficznych Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Katowice 2002, s. 151-155.
33. Biegańska J.: Wpływ strzelania wielkimi ładunkami w kopalniach odkrywkowych na ekologię środowiska. Maszyny Górnicze wrzesień 2001, s. 25-30.
34. Biegańska J:. Unieszkodliwianie odpadowych środków ochrony roślin metodą detonacyjnego spalania, Zeszyty Naukowe Inżynieria Środowiska, z. 49, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, Gliwice 2003, s. 131.
35. Biń A.K.: Zastosowanie procesów AOP w uzdatnianiu wody. Ochrona Środowiska 1998, 1(68):3-6.
36. Bollen W.B.: Interactions between pesticides and soil microorganisms. Annu Rev Microbial 1961, 15:69-92.
37. Boluda R., Quintanilla J. F., Bonilla J. A., et al.: Application of the Microtox(r) test and pollution indices to the study of water toxicity in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain), Chemosphere 2002, 46 (2):355-369.
38. Bolwerk R.: Feasibility study for the disposal of DNOC at the TWIGA cement works in Tanzania. Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) 1992.
39. Broholm M.M., Riigge K., Tuxen N., et al.: Fate of herbicides in a shallow aerobic aquifer: A continuous field injection experiment (Vejen, Denmark). Water Resources Research 2001, 37(12):3163-3176.
40. Broholm M.M., Tuxen N., Rügge K., et al.: Sorption and degradation of the herbicide DNOC in a shallow aerobic aquifer: Field injection experiments, Vejen, Denmark 2000.
41. Broholm M.M., Tuxen N., Rügge K., et al.: Sorption and degradation of the herbicide 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNOC) under aerobic conditions in a sandy aquifer in Vejen, Denmark. Environ Sci Technol 2001, 35(24):4789-4797.
42. Bruinsma J., Schuurman J. J.: The effect of spraying with DNOC (4,6-dinitro-o-cresol) on the growth of the roots and shoots of winter rye plants. Plant and Soil 1966,24(2):309-316.
43. Bruinsma J.: The action of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) in soil: I. The emergence from cress seed in DNOC-treated soil mixtures. Plant and Soil 1960, 12(3):39-47.
44. Bruinsma J.: The effect of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) on growth, development and yield of winter rye (Secale Cereale L.). Weed Research 1962, 2(2):73-89.
45. Bucheli T. D., Muller S. R., Reichmuth P., et al.: Spherical Clay Conglomerates: A Novel Stationary Phase for Solid-Phase Extraction and "Reversed-Phase" Liquid Chromatography, Anal. Chem 1999, 71:2171-2178.
46. Buchholz K.D., Pawliszyn J.: Determination of phenols by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic analysis. Environ Sci Technol 1993, 27(13):2844-2848.
47. Buchinskiy V.I.: Fatal poisoning with dinitrocresol, Sud. Med. Expert 1974, 17(1):52-53.
48. Budavari S.: The Merck Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th ed. Merck and Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 1989.
49. Budzinski H., Hermange Y., Pierard C, et al.: Structural characterization of environmentally important compounds by gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GUMS). Analysis 1992, 20(3):155-163.
50. Bulewicz E.M., Janicka E.: The OH radical. Arch. Comb 1988, 8:219-223.
51. Bulewicz E.M., Kandefer S.: Incineration of oily wastes in small fluidized bed combustors, AUZO'96, Politechnika Gdańska, Proc 1996, p. 199-208.
52. Burkatskaya E.N.: Maximum permissible concentration of dinitro-o-cresols in air. Gig Sanit 1965, 30:34-37.
53. Buschke W.: Acute reversible cataract in chicken due to various nitrocompounds. Am J Ophthalmol 1947, 30:1356-1368.
54. Buzzo A., Guatelli M.A.: Contribution to the toxicologic study of dinitro-o-cresol DNOC. Rev Assoc Bioquim Argent 1949, 14:24-40.
55. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Notice with respect to certain substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL). Environment Canada, Part I 2001,135(46):4194-4211.
56. Caul S., Griffiths B.S., Thompson J., et al.: Ecotoxicological testing of single species of soil organisms in the laboratory. 10th International Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology: Facts, Analysis and Policies. Ravello (Italy) June 29 - July 2, 2006.
57. Chao Y.C., Whang C.W.: Capillary zone electrophoresis of eleven priority phenols with indirect fluorescence detection. J Chromatog 1994, 663:229-237.
58. Chmiel Z., Murawska M., Giza I., et al.: Oznaczanie DNOC i dinosebu w wodach powierzchniowych i glebie metodą chromatografii gazowej przy wykorzystaniu detektora TSD. Sesja posterowa IV (1245-1330). XXI Sympozjum Naukowe nt. Chromatograficzne metody badania związków organicznych Uniwersytet Śląski, Katowice 12 i 13 czerwca 1997.
59. Cooney D.O., Zhenpeng Xi Z.: Activated carbon catalyzes reactions of phenolics during liquid-phase adsorption. AIchE Journal 1994, 40(2):361-364.
60. Council Directive 91/41/EEC and Commission Decision 1999/164/EC at 17 February 1999.
61. Decision Guidance Document DNOC (Dinitro-ortho-cresol), Geneva 20-24 November 2004. (Decyzja Rady z dnia 14 października 2004 r. dotycząca zawarcia, w imieniu Wspólnoty Europejskiej, Konwencji sztokholmskiej w sprawie trwałych zanieczyszczeń (2006/507/WE)).
62. Den Tonkelaar E.M., Van Leeuwen F.X.R., Kuiper C: Semichronic toxicity testing of DNOC in the rat. Meded Fat Landbouwwet Rijksuniv Gent 1983, 48:1015-1022.
63. Di Corcia A., Marchetti M.: Method development for monitoring pesticides in environmental waters. Liquid-solid extraction followed by liquid chromatography. Environ Sci Technol 1992, 26(1):66-74.
64. Directory of chemical producers: United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: Stanford Research Institute, International 1994.
65. Dobbs R.A., Wang L., Govind R.: Sorption of toxic organic compounds on wastewater solids: Correlation with fundamental properties. Environ Sci Technol 1989,23(9):1092-1097.
66. Dodds E.C., Robertson J.D.: The clinical applications of dinitro-o-cresol. Lancet 1933,2:1137-1139.
67. Edson E.F.: Chemical hazards in agriculture, Ann. Occupational Hyg 1969, 12(32):99-108.
68. Elsenfaz S. M.: Effect of DNOC on ABA concentration, fruit let diameter cell area and number of apple's flower buds. Acta Horticulturae 1990, 27:437-446.
69. Environmental Health Criteria 220. DINITRO-ortho-CRESOL, World Health Organization. Geneva 2000.
70. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Early seedling growth toxicity test. Title 40, Chapter I, Subchapter R of CFR 1992, p. 419-427.
71. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Health and environmental effects profile for dinitrocresols. Cincinnati, OH. NTIS PB88-220769, 1988.
72. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol. II: Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated ethers, monocyclic aromatics, phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, miscellaneous compounds. Washington, DC. EPA-440/4-79-029B, 1979.
73. European Weed Research Council - EWRC. Report of the 3rd and 4th meetings of EWRC. Committees of Methods in Weed Research, Weed Res 1964, 4, p. 88.
74. FAO: Technical guidelines on disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome 1996.
75. Flox C, Garrido J.A., Rodriguez R.M., et al.: Degradation of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol from water by anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochimica Acta 2005, 50(18):3685-3692.
76. Frissel M.J., Bolt G.H.: Interaction between certain ionizable organic compounds (herbicides) and clay minerals. Soil Science 1962, 94:284-291.
77. Gasiewicz T.A.: Nitro compounds and related phenolic pesticides. In: Hayes WJ Jr, & Laws ER Jr ed. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. San Diego, CA, Academic Press 1991, 3:1191-1269.
78. Gisi D., Stucki G., Hanselmann K.W.: Biodegradation of the pesticide 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresol by microorganisms in batch cultures and in fixed-bed column reactors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1997, 48(4):441-448.
79. Golovleva L.A., Aliyeva R.M., Naumova R.P., et al.: Microbial bioconversion of pollutants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1992, 124:41-78.
80. Gordon M.B., Wallfield M.J.: Toxic reaction of alpha-dinitro-ortho-cresol. Ann Intern Med 1935,9:198-200.
81. Goring C.A.I., Laskowski D.A., Hamaker J.W., et al.: Principles of pesticides degradation in soil. In: Haque R, Freed VH, ed. Environmental dynamics of pesticides. New York: Plenum Press 1975, p. 135-172.
82. Grilli S., Ancora G., Rani P., et al.: In vivo unwinding fluorimetric assay as evidence of the damage induced by fenarimol and DNOC in rat liver DNA. J Toxicol Environ Health 1991, 34:485-494.
83. Grosjean D.: Atmospheric fate of toxic aromatic-compounds. Sci Total Environ 1991, 100:367-414.
84. Grosjean D.: Atmospheric reactions of ortho cresol: Gas phase and aerosol products. Atmos Environ 1984, 18(8):1641-1652.
85. Grosjean D.: Atmospheric reactions of styrene and peroxybenzoyl nitrate. Sci Tot Environ 1985, 46:41-59.
86. Grynkiewicz M., Polkowska Ż., Kot-Wasik A., et al.: Determination of Phenols in Runoff: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 2002, 11(1):85-89.
87. Gundersen K., Jensen H.L.: A soil bacterium decomposing organic nitro compounds. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 1956, 6:100-114.
88. Gurka D.F., Pyle S.M., Farnham I., et al.: Application of hyphenated Fourier Transform-infrared techniques to environmental analysis. J Chromatog Sci 1991, 29(8):339-344.
89. Harvey D.G., Bidstrup P.L., Bonnell J.A.L.: Poisoning by dinitro-ortho-cresol. Some observations on the effects of dinitro-ortho-cresol administered by mouth to human volunteers. Br Med J 1951, 2:13-16.
90. Harvey D.G.: The toxicity of the dinitro-cresols. J Pharm Pharmacol 1952, 4:1062-1066.
91. Hayes W.J.: Clinical handbook on economic poisons. Washington, DC, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare (Public Health Service publication no. 476), 1963.
92. Heimlich F., Nolte J.: Determination of the pK values of 2,4-dinitrophenol herbicides using UV spectroscopy. Science Total Environ 1993, 132:125-131.
93. Hellwig Z.: Elementy rachunku prawdopodobieństwa i statystyki matematycznej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PWN, 1970.
94. Hess T.F., Lewis T.A., Crawford R.L., et al.: Combined photocatalytic and fungal treatment for the destruction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Water Res 1998, 32:1481-1491.
95. Heuts F.J.M.: Biological monitoring of DNOC in applicators after use as haulm killer in seed potatoes. Rotterdam 1993.
96. Ho P.C: Photooxidation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in aqueous solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Environ. Sci. Technol 1986, 20(3):260-267.
97. Hofstetter T.B., Heijman C.G., Haderlein S.B., et al.: Complete reduction of TNT and other (poly)nitroaromatic compounds under iron reducing subsurface conditions. Environ Sci Technol 1999, 33(9): 1479-1487.
98. Hojberg A.L., Engesgaard P., Bjerg P.L.: Pesticide transport in an aerobic aquifer with variable pH-modeling of a field scale injection experiment. J Contam Hydrol 2005, 78(3):231-255.
99. Hottenroth S., Römpp A., Vökl W., et al.: Nitrophenols and Haloacetates in Fog and Rain. 2nd International Conference on Fog and Fog Collection, 15-20 July St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada 2001.
100. Hottenroth S., Völkel W., Fechner T., et al: HPLC-MS-MS: A Powerful Tool for Sensitive Detection of Nitrophenols in Cloud Water Samples. 1st International Symposium "Advances of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Separations" (ACES) 17-19 April University of Bayreuth 2000.
101. Hottenroth S., Völkel W., Klemm O., et al.: Nitrophenole im Nebel. Jahrestagung 2000 der GDCH-Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie 10/2000.
102. Hrelia P., Morotti M., Scotti M., et al.: Genotoxic risk associated with pesticides evidence on short-term tests. V. Pharmacol Res Commun 1990, 22(3):93-94.
103. HSDB. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine, National Toxicology Information Program, Bethesda MD 1994.
104. Huden G.H.: AID/OFDA: Pesticide Disposal in a Cement Kiln in Pakistan: Report of a Pilot Project and Test Results from a Pilot Bum of Overaged Pesticides. D.G. Khan, Punjab, Pakistan; Agency for International Development, Washington, USA 1990.
105. Hugh Mac Grillen: Chemical Hazards Handbook, London Hazards Centre Trust, UK 1999.
106. Hund K.: Algal growth inhibition test-feasibility and limitations for soil assessment, Chemosphere 1997, 35(5): 1069-1082.
107. Hunter D.: Dinitro-ortho-cresol. In: Devices for the protection of the worker. Br Med J 1950, 1509-1512.
108. Hunter D.: Industrial toxicology. J Pharm Pharmacol 1953, 5:145-157.
109. Hurle K., Rademacher B.: Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss landjaehrig weiderholter Anwendung von DNOC und 2,4-D auf ihren Abbau im Boden. Weed Research 1970, 10:159-164.
110. Ibrahim M., Ayad H., Mahdi M.A.H.: The new treatment of obesity with dinitro-o-cresol or Dekrysil. J Egypt Med Assoc 1934, 17:968-990.
111. Inspekcja Ochrony Środowiska, Stan Środowiska w Polsce na tle celów i priorytetów Unii Europejskiej. Raport Wskaźnikowy 2004, Biblioteka Monitoringu Środowiska, Warszawa 2006.
112. IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). Dinitro-ortho-cresol. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 2000.
113. ISO 11269-1. Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora. Part 1: Method for the measurement of inhibition of root growth. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland 1993.
114. ISO 11269-2. Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora. Part 2: Effects of chemicals on the emergence and growth of higher plants. ISO, Geneva, Switzeriand 1995.
115. IUPAC: Duffus J., Bruunshuus I., Cornelis R., Dybkaer R., Nordberg M., Kuelpmann W.: Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences. Part XX. Properties and units in clinical and environmental human toxicology. Pure Appl. Chem 2007,79(1):87-152.
116. Jafvert C.T.: Sorption of organic acid compounds to sediments: Initial model development. Environ Toxicol Chem 1990, 9:1259-1268.
117. Jelonek J.: Spalanie odpadów niebezpiecznych, w tym nieprzydatnych środków ochrony roślin - działania organizacyjne i technologiczne. Referat Wiceprezesa Firmy: Lobbe Dąbrowa Górnicza Sp. z o.o., 2003.
118. Johnston P., Stringer R.: Environmental Significance and Regulation of Organochlorines. Exeter, U.K.: Greenpeace International, 5 September 1994.
119. Jongerius O., Jongeneelen F.J.: Criteria document for an occupational exposure limit value of 4,6-dinitro-(9-cresol (CAS 534-52-1). Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs, Health and Safety Directorate, Industrial Medicine and Hygiene Unit. SEG/CDO/29.1992, Luxemburg 1991.
120. Kalka J., Grabińska-Sota E., Miksch K.: Degradation of selected pesticides in aquatic ecosystem model. Proceedings of the European Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology 25-28 April, ESEB, Oostende, Belgium 2004.
121. Kataria H.R., Gisi U.: Interactions of fungicide- herbicide combinations against plant pathogens and weed. Crop Science 1990, 9(6):403-409.
122. Kaufman D.D.: Phenols. In: Kearney PC, Kaufman DD, eds. Herbicides: Chemistry, Degradation, and Mode of Action. Volume 2. p. 665-707. 2nd edition. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc 1976.
123. Kenaga E.E.: Predicted bioconcentration factors and soil sorption coefficients of pesticides and other chemicals. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1980, 4:26-38.
124. Kennedy J. S.: A turning point in the study of insect migration. Nature 1961, 189(476):785-791.
125. Kikal T., Smith J. N.: The metabolism of 6-amino-4-nitro-o-cresol and 4:6-dinitro-o-cresol in locusts, Biochem J 1959, 71(1):48-54.
126. Kincannon D.F., Lin Y.S.: Microbial degradation of hazardous wastes by land treatment. Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference 1985, 40:607-619.
127. King E., Harvey D.G.: Some observations on the absorption and excretion of 4:6-dinitro-o-cresol. 2. The elimination of 4:6-dinitro-o-cresol by man and animals. Biochem J 1953, 53:196-200.
128. King E., Harvey D.G.: Some observations on the absorption and excretion of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC). 1. Blood dinitro-o-cresol levels in the rat and the rabbit following different methods of absorption. Biochem J 1953, 53:185-195.
129. Klausen J., Tröber S.P., Haderlein S.B., et al.: Reduction of substituted nitrobenzenes by Fe(II) in aqueous mineral suspensions. Environ Sci Technol 1995,29(9):2396-2404.
130. Konieczyński J.: Ochrona powietrza w przemyśle. Ochrona Powietrza i Problemy Odpadów 1995, 1:29.
131. Kowalewicz A.: Podstawy procesów spalania. Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa 2000.
132. Kuo C.H., Zappi M.E., Chen S.M.: Factors affecting destruction rates of toluene and 2,4,6-trinitrotolene by the peroxone oxidation process, 2nd EPRI International Symposium on Environmental Application of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, San Francisco Feb. 28-March 1, 1996.
133. Lawford D.J., King E., Harvey D.G.: On the metabolism of some aromatic nitrocompounds by different species of animals. Part II. The elimination of various nitro-compounds from the blood of different species of animals. J Pharm Pharmacol 1954, 6:619-624.
134. Leegwater D.C., Van der Greef J., Bos K.D.: Integrated studies on the metabolic fate of DNOC. II. Biotransformation in mammals. Meded Fat Landbouwwet, Rijksuniv Gent 1982, 47:401-408.
135. Lehman A.J.: Quart. Bull. Assoc. Food and Drug Officials U.S. 1951, 15, 122.
136. Lenke H., Knackmuss H-J.: Initial hydrogenation and extensive reduction of substituted 2,4-dinitrophenols. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62(3):784-790.
137. Lenke H., Pieper D.H., Bruhn C, et al.: Degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol by Rhodococcus erythropolis HL 24-1 and HL 24-2. Appl. Environ Microbiol 1992, 58(9):2928-2932.
138. Leuenberger C, Czuczwa J., Tremp J., et al.: Nitrated phenols in rain: Atmospheric occurrence of phytotoxic pollutants. Chemosphere 1988, 17(3):511-515.
139. Li Z.M., Shea P.J., Comfort S.D.: Nitrotoluene destruction by UV-catalyzed Fenton oxidation, Chemosphere 1998, 36(8): 1849-1865.
140. Li Z.M., Shea P.J., Comfort, S.D.: Fenton oxidation of 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene in contaminated soil slurries, Environ. Eng. Sci 1997, 14(1):55-66.
141. Lisi P., Caraffini S., Assalve D.: Irritation and sensitization potential of pesticides. Contact Dermatitis 1987, 17:212-218.
142. Loehr R.C., Krishnamoorthy R.: Terrestrial bioaccumulation potential of phenolic compounds. Haz Waste Haz Mat 1988, 5:109-119.
143. Lopez-Avila V., Bauer K., Milanes J.: Evaluation of Soxhlet extraction procedure for extracting organic compounds from soils and sediments. J Am Org Anal Chem Int 1993, 76:864-880.
144. Mahhou A., El Phil A.: Effets du dinitro-orthocrésol (DNOC) sur la levée de dormance du pommier 'Golden Delicious' cultivé en plaine marocaine. Fruits 2001,56:367-376.
145. Malter A.: Intoxications survenues au cours de la fabrication d'un insecticide a base de dinitrocrésol. Arch Belg Med Soc Hyg 1949, 7:475-481.
146. Maranda A., Gołąbek B., Kasperski J.: Materiały wybuchowe ekologiczne nowoczesnej generacji. Jakość Środowiska Techniki i Technologie. Wydawnictwo Komdruk-Komag, Gliwice 2001, s. 249-260.
147. Marchwińska E.: Strategia ekorozwoju, a zmniejszenie zagrożenia zdrowia. Wiadomości Lekarskie Tom 55, supl. 1, część II, 2002.
148. Mc Cormick N.G., Feeherry F.E., Levinson H.S.: Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds. Appl Environ Microbial 1976, 31:949-958.
149. Metcalf R.L.: Insect control technology. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. Vol. 13, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1978, p. 428.
150. Mhalas J.G., Tripathi A.M., Rama Rao N.V.: Determination of 2,6- and 4,6-dinitrocresols by differential pulse polarography. Microchem J 1989, 40:251-256.
151. Morgan D.P.: Recognition and management of pesticide poisonings. 3rd ed. Washington, DC, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-540/9-80-005), 1982.
152. Morville S., Scheyer A., Mirabel P., et al.: Spatial and Geographical Variations of Urban, Suburban and Rural Atmospheric Concentrations of Phenols and Nitrophenols. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2006, 13(2):83-89.
153. Nadziakiewicz J.: Spalanie stałych substancji odpadowych. Wydawnictwo Gnome, Katowice 2001.
154. Naij T.H.M., Brandt A.: HPLC with on-line solid phase extration for the trace analysis of polar pesticides. In Analysis of Pesticides in Ground and Surface Water II, Spring, Heidelberg, Berlin 1995.
155. Namieśnik J., Jamrógiewicz Z., Pilarczyk M., et al.: Przygotowanie próbek środowiskowych do analizy. Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa 2000.
156. Negherbon W.O.: Handbook of Toxicology, Philadelphia & London, Saunders vol. III, 1959.
157. Nehéz M., Paddy A., Selypes A., et al.: The teratogenic and mutagenic effects of dinitro-o-cresol-containing herbicide on the laboratory mouse. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1981, 5:38-44.
158. Nehéz M., Selypes A., Mazzag E., et al.: Additional data on the mutagenic effect of dinitro-o-cresol-containing herbicides. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1984, 8:75-79.
159. Nehéz M., Selypes A., Paddy A., et al.: Recent data on the examination of the mutagenic effect of a dinitro-o-cresol-containing pesticide by different test methods. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1978, 21:243-248.
160. Nehéz M., Selypes A., Paldy A., et al.: The mutagenic effect of a dinitro-o-cresol-containing pesticide on mice germ cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1978, 2:401-405.
161. NIOSH: Manual of analytical methods. 2nd ed. Vol 5. Method no. S166 Washington, DC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1984.
162. Norma Europejska EN 13631-15. Explosives for civil uses-High explosives-Part 15: Calculation of thermodynamic properties 2005.
163. O'Connor O.A., Young L.Y.: Toxicity and anaerobic biodegradibility of substituted phenols under methanogenic conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 1989, 8:853-862.
164. OECD 208. Guideline for testing of chemicals: terrestrial plants, growth test. OECD, Paris, France 1984.
165. OECD 208. Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test. OECD, Paris, France 2003.
166. Ong C.P., Lee H.K., Li S.F.Y.: Supercritical fluid chromatographic seperation of 11 priority phenols using chlorodifluoromethane as modifier. J Chromatog Sci 1992,30:319-323.
167. Ong C.P., Ng C.L., Chong N.C., et al.: Analysis of priority substituted phenols by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Environ Monitoring and Assessment 1991, 19:93-103.
168. Paramonov P.A.: K voprosu o metodikie analiza vzryvnych gazov na soderzanie okisłov azota, Vzryvn. Delo, Sbomik 51(8), izd. Gosgotechizdat, Moskwa 1963.
169. Patent US 6334954, 2002.
170. Patterson J.W., Kodukala P.S.: Biodegradation of hazardous organic pollutants. Chemical Engineering Progress 1981, 77:48-55.
171. Pawłowski L., Pawłowski A.: Realizacja zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju w przemyśle cementowym. VI Seminarium - Paliwa alternatywne w przemyśle cementowym - Zrównoważony Rozwój. Warszawa 5 maja, 2004.
172. Pedersen J.K., Bjerg P.L., Christensen T.H.: Correlation of nitrate profiles with groundwater and sediment characteristics in a shallow sandy aquifer. J Hydrol 1991, 124:263-277.
173. Pedersen P.G., Mosbaek H., Albrechtsen H.-J.: Degradation of herbicides under different redox conditions in eight Danish aquifers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Groundwater Research, Copenhagen 6-8 June, 2000, p. 165-166.
174. Pedersen P.G.: Pesticide Degradability in Groundwater: Importance of Redox Conditions. Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800 Lynby, Denmark 2000.
175. Pereira T., Laird D.A., Johnston C: Interaction between 4,6 Dinitro-o-Cresol (DNOC) and K+ and CA2+ Saturated Smectites in Aqueous Suspensions 2005. In: ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts, Nov. 6-10, Salt Lake City, UT, 2005.
176. Plotz M.: Dinitro-ortho-cresol. A metabolic stimulator and its toxic side-actions. N Y State J Med 1936, 41:266-268.
177. PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency). ELSE (Electronic Labels: Search and Evaluation). Accessed at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pmra-arla/english/main/ search-e.html in January 2002.
178. Pohland F.G., Shaffer T.R., Yari S., et al.: Fate of selected organic pollutants during landfill disposal operations. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Company, Fort Detrick, Frederick 1987, MD. 16, ADA 100-117.
179. Pollard A.B., Filbee J.F.: Recovery after poisoning with di-nitro-ortho-cresol. Lancet 1951, 2:618-619.
180. Pomiary cieplne pod red. Tadeusza R. Fodemskiego, Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa 2001.
181. Pospisil P.A., Marcus M.F., Kobus M.A.: The application of supercritical fluid capillary chromatography to the analysis of Appendix-VIII and IX compounds. ASTM Spec Tech Publ. STP 1075 Wa 1992, 154-169.
182. Problem of Obsolete Pesticides in the Republic of Armenia. In: Forum Book of the 7th International HCH and Pesticides Forum "Towards the Establishment of an Obsolete POPs/Pesticides Stockpile Fund for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) and New Independent States (NIS)", Kiev 2005, p. 41-43,
183. Prost G, Vial R, Tolot F.: Intoxication par le dinitro-ortho-crésol avec atteinte hépatique. Arch Mai Prof 1973, 34(9):556-557.
184. Prousek J.: Advanced Oxidation process for water treatment. Chemical process. Chem. Listy 1996, 90: 229-237.
185. Quick H.E.: Slimming drugs and cataract with notes of a case. Br Med J 1937, 1:1203-1204.
186. Rainey R.C., Sayer H. J.: Some recent developments in the use of aircraft against flying locust swarms. Nature 1953, 172 (4371):224-228.
187. Report of the Task Force on Destruction Technologies, Volume 3B, p. 7-9. UNEP Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya April 2002.
188. Roche P., Volk C, Carbonnier F., et al.: Water oxidation by ozone or ozone/hydrogen peroxide using the OZOTEST or PEROXOTEST methods. Ozone: Science & Engineering 1994, 16:135-155.
189. Roseboom H., Wammes J.I.J., Wegman R.C.C.: Determination of nitrophenol derivatives in various crops by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1981, 132:195-199.
190. Rozporządzenie WE/850/2004 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 29 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych i zmieniające dyrektywę 79/117/EWG.
191. Rügge K., Bjerg P.L., Mosbaek H., et al.: Fate of MCPP and atrazine in an anaerobic landfill leachate plume (Grindsted, Denmark). Water Research 1999, 33(10):2455-2458.
192. Rügge K., Broholm M.M., Tuxen N., et al.: Comparison of experimental methods for determining pesticide degradationt: Batch experiments, column experiments, and field injection experiment. Conference Proceeding in: Groundwater 2000. Proceedings of the International Conference on Groundwater Research, Copenhagen 6-8 June 2000, p. 171-172.
193. Rügge K., Hofstetter T.B., Haderlein S.B., et al.: Characterization of predominant reluctant in an anaerobic leach ate-contaminated aquifer by nitroaromatic probe compounds. Environ Sci Technol 1998, 32(1):23-31.
194. Sakai M.: Chronic toxicity tests with daphnia magna for examination of river water quality. J. Environ. Sci. Health 2001, 36(1):67-74.
195. Sanchidrian J.A., Lopez L.M.: Calculation of the Energy of Explosives with a Partial Reaction Model. Comparison with Cylinder Test Data. Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech 2006, 31(1):25-32.
196. Schimpf W.A.: Obsolete Pesticide Stocks in Developing Countries: Strategies, Policies, and Practical Steps for Their Disposal, Chemistry of Crop Protection, Wiley-VCH Veriag GmbH & Co. KGaA 2003, p. 40-53.
197. Schimpf W.A.: Destruction of Pesticides and Chemical Waste by Means of a Cement Kiln in Pesticide Management and Integrated Pest Management in South East Asia (edited by P.S. Teng and K.L. Heong), College Park; Maryland, USA, Consortium for International Crop Protection 1988, p. 423-433.
198. Schimpf W.A.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH presented at the OECD-FAO-UNEP-Workshop on Obsolete Pesticides. Virginia, USA 13-15 September, 2000.
199. Schimpf W.A.: Disposal of obsolete pesticides in a cement kiln in Tanzania. 5th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, Leioa, Spain 25 - 27 June, 1998.
200. Schimpf W.A.: Disposal of obsolete pesticides in a cement kiln in Tanzania experience with the incineration of dinitro-o-cresol in a cement rotary cylindrical kiln in a developing country. 1st Continental Conference for Africa on the Environmentally Sound Management of Unwanted Stocks of Hazardous Wastes and their Prevention. Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco. January 8-12, 2001.
201. Schimpf W.A.: Disposal of Pesticides and Chemical Waste in a Cement Kiln in Malaysia, Pesticide Disposal Conference, Niamey, Niger 1990.
202. Schneider J.F., Schneider K.R., Spiro S.E., et al.: Evaluation of gas chromatography/matrix isolation-infrared spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of environmental samples. Appl Spectr 1991, 45(4):566-571.
203. Schöllhorn A., Stucki G., Hanselmann K.: Biodegradation of all three isomers of monochlorophenol in a fixed bed reactor to very low concentrations. Water Sci Technol 1994,30:41-44.
204. Schroeder W.H., Dobson M., Kane D.M., et al.: Toxic trace elements associated with airborne particulate matter: A review. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 1987, 37:1267-1285.
205. Schüssler W., Nitschke L.: Nitrophenols in precipitation. Chemosphere 2001, 42(3):277-283.
206. Schwarzenbach R.P., Stierli R., Folsom B.R., et al.: Compound properties relevant for assessing the environmental partitioning of nitrophenols. Environ Sci Technol 1988, 22(1):83-92.
207. Seidel B. S., Dübel O., Faubel W., et al.: Trace analysis of pollutants in water using the photothermal interferometry as HPLC detector. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1996, 354 (7-8):900-902.
208. Shchokina V.: The problem of obsolete pesticides management in Ukraine, Published by WECF Munich/Utrecht 2006.
209. Sheng G., Johnston C.T., Teppen B.J., et al.: Adsorption of dinitrophenol herbicides from water by montmorillonites, Clays and Clay Minerals 2002, 50(1):25-34.
210. Sheng G., Johnston C.T., Teppen B.J., et al.: Potential contributions of smectite clays and organic matter to pesticide retention in soils J. Agric. Food Chem 2001, 49:2899-2907.
211. Smith J.N., Smithies R.H., Williams R.T.: Studies in detoxication: Urinary metabolites of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in the rabbit. Biochem J 1953, 54:225-237.
212. Spalanie i paliwa pod redakcją Kordylewskiego W.: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wrocław 2005.
213. Spencer H.C., Rowe V.K., Adams E.M., et al.: Toxicological studies on laboratory animals of certain alkyldinitrophenols used in agriculture. J Ind Hygiene Toxicol 1948, 30:10-25.
214. Speranskaya O.A.: Pesticides: a Real Threat, IPEN, Moscow 2004, p. 65.
215. State of the Future by Jerome C. Glenn and Theodore J. Gordon. 10th Anniversary Edition. Washington 2006.
216. Steer C: Death from di-nitro-ortho-cresol. Lancet 1951, 1:1419.
217. Stobiecki S., Fuszara E., Baron L., et al.: Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides as an alternative fuel in cement kiln. 7th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, Kiev 5-7 June, 2003.
218. Stobiecki S.: Progress and Developments on Unwanted Pesticides in Poland, Proceedings from the 4th Forum on HCH and Unwanted Pesticides, Poznań 15-16 January, 1996, p. 108-109.
219. Stott H.: Polyneuritis after exposure to dinitro-o-cresol. Br Med J 1956, 1:900-901.
220. Stott H.: The use of certain toxic chemicals in agricultural practice. East African Med J 1953, 30:59-67.
221. Stucki G, Hanselmann K.W., Hürzeler R.A.: Biological sulfuric acid transformation: Reactor design and process optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993,41:303-315.
222. Stumm W, Morgan J.J.: Aquatic chemistry. Third edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1996.
223. Tabak H.H., Chambers C.W., Kabler P.W.: Microbial metabolism of aromatic compounds. I. Decomposition of phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons by phenol-adapted bacteria. J Bacterial 1964, 87:910-919.
224. Tabak H.H., Quave S.A., Mashni C.I., et al.: Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1981, 53:1503-1518.
225. Taylor P.H., Dellinger B., Lee C.C.: Development of a Thermal Stability Based Ranking of Hazardous Compound Incinerability, Environ. Sci. Technol 1990, 24(3):316-328.
226. The National Trade Data Bank. DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Washington 1994.
227. The Pesticide Manual. Twelfth Edition, Herbicide, Version 2, British Crop Protection Council, Edited by CDS Tomlin, UK: Binfield, Barks 2000.
228. The WHO recommended classification of pesticide by hazards and guidelines to classification 1998-1999. WHO/PCS/98.21. World Health Organization. Geneva 1999.
229. Thomas R.G.: Volatilization from water. In: Lyman W.J., Reehl W.F., Rosenblatt D.H., eds. Handbook of chemical property estimation methods. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society 1990, p. 15-21.
230. Thorn N.S., Agg A.R.: The breakdown of synthetic organic compounds in biological processes. Proc R Sot Lond [Biol] 1975, 189:347-357.
231. Tomlin C. et. al.: The pesticide manual, a word compendium. 11th ed. Farnham, UK, British Crop Protection Council 1997.
232. Toxicological Profile for Dinitrocresols, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. United States Public Health Service August 1995.
233. TRI92. Toxic Chemical Release Inventory. National Library of Medicine, National Toxicology Information Program, Bethesda, MD 1994.
234. Tripathi A.M., Mhalas J.G., Rama-Rao N.V.: Determination of 2,6 and 4,6-dinitrocresols by high performance liquid chromatography on a betacyclodextrin bonded column. J Chromatogr 1989, 466:442-445.
235. Truhaut R., De Lavaur E.: Metabolism of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in rabbits. C R Seances Acad Sci [D] 1967, 264:1937-1940.
236. Tuxen N., de Lipthay J.R., Albrechtsen H.J., et al.: Effect of exposure history on microbial herbicide degradation in an aerobic aquifer affected by a point source. Environ Sci Technol 2002, 36(10):2205-2212.
237. Tuxen N., Tüchsen P.L., Rugge K., et al.: The fate of seven pesticides in an aerobic aquifer studied in column experiments. Chemosphere 2000. 41:1485-1494.
238. U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. Final Preliminary Baseline Risk Assessment. Grand Junction, Colorado April 2, 1993.
239. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 1993.
240. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Dinitrocresols, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, office of research and Development, Cincinnati, OH 1986.
241. United Nations Environment Programme. Ad-Hoc Technical Advisory Committee on ODS Destruction Technologies,. United Nations Environment Programme. Geneva, May 1992.
242. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Press Release, Agro-chemical industry to pay some of clean-up costs for obsolete pesticides in developing countries, March 11, 1998.
243. Urbański T.: Chemistry and technology of explosives, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1994.
244. U.S. EPA: Method 1625 Revision B-Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Isotope Dilution GC/MS. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 136, 1984.
245. U.S. EPA: Method 625-Base/Neutrals and Acids. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 136, 1984.
246. U.S. EPA OPPTS 850.4200. Seed germination/root elongation toxicity test. US EPA, United States of America 1996.
247. Vallack H.W., Bakker D.J., Brandt I., and el.: Controlling persistent organic pollutants - what next? Environ. Technol. Pharmacol 1998, 6:143-175.
248. Vamai I., Kote G.: Forensic medical problems of mass 'Krezonit' poisoning. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1969, 104:676-684.
249. Van der Laar R.T.H., de Vries I., Meulenbelt J.: Acute occupational intoxications through the use of pesticides in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. National Poison Control Center of the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Hague 1993.
250. Van Dijk H.F.G, van Pul W.A.J, de Voogt P, et al.: Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London 1999, p. 1-276.
251. Van Noort H.R., Mandema E., Christensen E.K.J., et al.: Dinitro-ortho-cresol intoxication in sprayers. Ned Tidschr Geneeskd 1960, 104:676-684.
252. VDI - Richtline 2094, Emission Control Cement Works; VDI-Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, Düsseldorf 1985.
253. Voderberg K.: Herbicidal action on soil microorganisms as a function of the nutrient substrate. Nachrichtenblatt fur den Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst 1961, 15(2):21-23.
254. Vos J.G., Krajnc E.I., Beekhof P.K., et al.: Methods for testing immune effects of toxic chemicals: Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of various pesticides in the rat. In: Proceedings of the 5th Pesticide Chemistry: Human Welfare in the Environment International Congress 1983, 3:497-504.
255. Walker F.E., Wasley R.J.: A general model for the shock initiation of explosives, Propellants and Explosives 1976, 1:73-80.
256. Wallnoefer P.R., Ziegler W., Engelhart J., et al.: Transformation of dinitrophenol herbicide by Azobacter sp. Chemosphere 1978, 12:967-972.
257. Wandrasz J.W., Janusz M., Siłowiecki A.: Procesy utylizacji i degradacji odpadowych przeterminowanych i niepełnowartościowych środków chemicznych ochrony roślin oraz ich opakowań w świetle krajowych i zagranicznych wyników badań naukowych. Materiały VII Konferencji nt. Ochrony Środowiska, Bydgoszcz 1986.
258. Wandrasz J.W.: Gospodarka odpadami medycznymi. Zrzeszenie Inżynierów i Techników Sanitarnych, Poznań 2000.
259. Wang W.: Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1987, 6:409-414.
260. Wardencki W., Namieśnik J.: Biomonitoring zanieczyszczeń środowiska. Inż. Ochr. Środow. 2001, 4:301-322.
261. Weissmahr K.W., Hildenbrand M., Schwarzenbach R.P., et al.: Laboratory and field scale evaluation of geochemical controls on groundwater transport of nitroaromatic ammunition residues. Environ Sci Technol 1999, 33(15):2593-2600.
262. Wilk R.: Podstawy niskoemisyjnego spalania. Wydawnictwo Gnome, Katowice 2000.
263. Williams P.P.: Metabolism of synthetic organic pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms. Residue Rev 1977, 66:63-135.
264. Yao S., Meyer A., Henze G.: Comparison of amperometric and UV-spectrophotometric monitoring in the HPLC analysis of pesticides. Fresenius' J Anal Chem 1991, 339:207-211.
265. Zahn R., Wellens H.: Examination of biological degradability through the batch methods further experience and new possibilities of usage. Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 1980, 13:1-7.

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BSL8-0016-0020